Matrix Metalloproteinases and Minocycline: Therapeutic Avenues for Fragile X Syndrome

Table 1

Summary of recent minocycline treatment trials in Drosophila and mouse disease models, and human clinical studies. The columns display the systems, minocycline dosages, phenotypes tested, treatment outcomes and side effects.

Model	Dosage	Phenotypes tested	Treatment effects	Side effects	Study
Drosophila	20 μM in larvae; 1 mM in adult (oral feeding)	Synpatic structure of NMJ, sLNv, and MB neurons	Prevention of all neuroanatomical defects	None	Siller and Broadie, 2011 [53]
Mouse	20 μM for 17 hrs in vitro; 30 mg/kg/day in vivo	Immature dendritic spine profiles, anxiety, memory defects, decreased rate of USVs	More mature dendritic spine profiles, less anxious, memory improvements, increased rate of USVs	More mature dendritic spines	Bilosuova et al., 2009; [51]; Rotschafer et al., 2012 [70]
Human	50 mg BID; (low dose); 100 mg BID; (high dose)	Behavioral symptoms	Better language and social communication skills, less anxiety, more attentive; Better irritability, stereotypy, hyperactivity, inappropriate speech subscales on ABC-C	GI issues, diarrhea, loss of appetite, dizziness, headaches	Utari et al., 2010; [54]; Paribello et al., 2010 [52]