| | Otological, infectious | Otitis media, labyrinthitis, mastoiditis | | Otological, neoplastic | Vestibular schwannoma, meningioma | | Otological, labyrinthine | Sensorineural hearing loss, Ménière’s disease, vestibular vertigo | | Otological, other | Impacted cerumen, otosclerosis, presbycusis, noise exposure | | Neurological | Meningitis, migraine, multiple sclerosis, epilepsy | | Traumatic | Head or neck injury, loss of consciousness | | Otofacial | Temporomandibular joint disorder | | Cardiovascular | Hypertension | | Rheumatological | Rheumatoid arthritis | | Immune-mediated | Systemic lupus erythematous, systemic sclerosis | | Endocrine and metabolic | Diabetes mellitus, hyperinsulinaemia, hypothyroidism, hormonal changes during pregnancy | | Ototoxic medications | Analgesics, antibiotics. Antineoplastic drugs, corticosteroids, diuretics, immunosuppressive drugs, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs |
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