The Neural Correlates of Long-Term Carryover following Functional Electrical Stimulation for Stroke
Table 2
Brain regions activation.
MNI coordinates
Side
ROI
(i) Patients group
V > Rest
−2
−2
46
4.24
i
Cingulate g.
2
−18
70
3.32
i
SMA
0
−16
70
3.31
c/i
SMA
−4
−24
74
3.31
c
Parac. lobule
4
−20
62
2.98
i
M1
FV > Rest
−6
−4
50
5.06
c
SMA
−14
4
24
3.88
c
Caudate nucleus
−20
−36
70
3.34
c
Postcentral g.
−4
−20
72
3.09
c
Parac. lobule
FP > Rest
24
18
36
3.81
i
Sup. front. g
48
−66
40
3.29
i
AG
52
−62
36
3.16
i
AG
P > Rest
2
−52
32
4.12
i
Cingulate g.
10
−55
22
3.40
i
Precuneus
16
−26
52
3.66
i
SMA
−10
−40
58
3.47
c
S1
−6
−24
54
3.46
c
Parac. lobule
−2
−30
54
3.28
c
M1
0
−28
54
3.23
c/i
M1
INTER
0
−62
40
4.41
c/i
Precuneus
−42
−64
40
3.30
c
AG
−44
−58
36
3.20
c
AG
10
−54
28
3.20
i
Precuneus
(ii) Conjunction between patients group
and healthy control group
V > Rest
2
4
46
4.62
i
SMA
2
−16
66
4.07
i
SMA
4
−20
62
3.92
i
M1
0
−22
64
3.76
c/i
M1
0
−4
46
3.26
c/i
Cingulate g.
0
−12
54
3.23
c/i
SMA
FV > Rest
2
−14
64
4.36
i
SMA
6
−12
64
3.85
i
PM
6
−20
64
3.83
i
M1
−2
−20
64
3.80
c
M1
2
4
46
3.74
i
SMA
−4
−6
50
3.69
c
SMA
−14
−36
66
3.56
c
Parac. lobule
64
−22
28
3.30
i
SII
FP > Rest
−2
−14
68
3.13
c
Parac. lobule
−4
−24
62
3.11
c
M1
P > Rest
−2
−30
54
3.78
c
M1
0
−28
56
3.73
c/i
M1
4
−24
58
3.38
i
M1
−10
−40
58
3.35
c
S1
−4
−22
68
3.31
c
Parac. lobule
INTER
0
−60
40
3.26
c/i
Precuneus
(ii) Patients group > healthy control group
FV > Rest
−4
−44
22
3.73
c
Cingulate g.
−28
−74
46
3.65
c
Supramarg. g.
−8
−70
44
3.48
c
Precuneus
FP > Rest
26
18
40
4.50
i
Sup. front. g.
10
−50
42
4.49
i
Precuneus
2
−22
40
4.46
i
Cingulate g.
−42
−52
46
4.15
c
Supramarg. g.
50
−58
36
3.71
i
AG
28
34
34
3.61
i
Middle front. g.
20
34
30
3.53
i
Sup. front. g.
56
24
38
3.42
i
Inf. front. g.
38
−64
44
3.41
i
AG
−28
−58
58
3.34
c
Sup. parietal g.
−46
−52
44
3.31
c
Supramarg. g.
P > Rest
6
−40
36
5.26
i
Cingulate g.
−4
−32
30
4.68
c
Cingulate g.
50
−66
36
3.94
i
AG
−34
−64
34
3.77
c
AG
INTER
16
−54
26
3.60
i
Precuneus
−50
18
36
3.52
c
Middle front. g.
−40
−22
40
3.44
c
Postcentral g.
−18
28
46
3.39
c
Sup. front. g.
(ii) Healthy control group > patients group
FV > Rest
−32
−44
60
3.81
c
Sup. parietal g.
(iii) Responders > nonresponders
V > Rest
−6
−4
50
3.62
c
SMA
−22
−38
66
3.62
c
Postcentral g.
10
−20
64
3.15
i
M1
FV > Rest
−4
−6
52
3.70
c
SMA
FP > Rest
−2
−10
66
3.81
c
SMA
−34
48
14
3.36
c
Middle front. g.
P > Rest
46
−10
18
3.45
i
Rolandic operc.
30
−42
50
3.74
i
Supramarg. g.
(iii) Nonresponders > responders
INTER
−40
−62
36
4.32
c
AG
−20
−24
64
3.24
c
Precentral g.
10
−16
68
3.47
i
SMA
−36
0
48
4.53
c
Precentral g.
22
6
46
3.69
i
Sup. front. g.
−10
−2
52
3.38
c
SMA
−16
−6
70
3.58
i
Sup. front. g.
−32
−26
46
3.62
c
Postcentral g.
Significant activation at Familywise Error (FWE) corrected within predefined regions of interest. Significant activation at uncorrected . ROI: region of interest; FV: fMRI protocol condition, attempted voluntary movement with concurrent FES; V: fMRI protocol condition, voluntary movement without FES; FP: fMRI protocol condition, FES-induced movement, with no attempt to move the ankle; P: fMRI protocol condition, passive movement (by the experimenter) of the subject’s ankle without FES; c: contralateral side; i: ipsilateral side; g.: gyrus; parac.: paracentral; sup.: superior; front.: frontal; supramarg.: supramarginal; inf.: inferior; operc.: operculum; SMA: supplementary motor area; M1: primary motor cortex; AG: angular gyrus; S1: primary somatosensory cortex; PM: premotor cortex; SII: secondary somatosensory cortex.
