Individual Differences in Behavioural Despair Predict Brain GSK-3beta Expression in Mice: The Power of a Modified Swim Test

Figure 4

Brain levels of total and phosphorylated forms of GSK-3beta in the modified swim test. (a) In comparison to intact controls (), hippocampal level of total GSK-3beta was not significantly changed on Day 1 (), nor on Day 2 () or on Day 5 () of swim test. (b) In comparison to intact group, total level of GSK-3beta in the prefrontal cortex was significantly increased on Day 1 of swim test but not on Day 2 and Day 5; group sizes as indicated above. (c) In comparison to intact animals, hippocampal level of phosphorylated form of GSK-3beta was significantly decreased on Day 2 and Day 5, but not on Day 1 of the test; group sizes as indicated above. (d) In comparison to intact mice, the levels of pS9- GSK-3beta in prefrontal cortex were not altered on Day 2 and Day 5 of swim test; group sizes as indicated above. In comparison to intact controls, ratio of total/pS9 GSK-3beta (e) in the hippocampus and (f) in the prefrontal cortex was significantly decreased on Day 2 and Day 5, but not on Day 1; group sizes as indicated above. , ANOVA and Tukey’s multiple comparisons test; see the text. D1: Day 1; D2: Day 2; D5: Day 5. Data are mean ± SEM.

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