Abstract
DFNA9 is a late-onset, progressive, autosomal dominantly inherited sensorineural hearing loss with vestibular dysfunction, which is caused by mutations in the COCH (coagulation factor C homology) gene. In this study, we investigated a Chinese family segregating autosomal dominant nonsyndromic sensorineural hearing loss. We identified a missense mutation c.T275A p.V92D in the LCCL domain of COCH cosegregating with the disease and absent in 100 normal hearing controls. This mutation leads to substitution of the hydrophobic valine to an acidic amino acid aspartic acid. Our data enriched the mutation spectrum of DFNA9 and implied the importance for mutation screening of COCH in age related hearing loss with vestibular dysfunctions.
1. Introduction
As the most common sensory impairment, hearing loss (HL) affects one of every 500 newborn infants, and its prevalence rises to 2.7 per 1000 children before the age of 5 and 3.5 per 1000 during adolescence [1, 2]. HL is a genetically and clinically heterozygous disorder and can be classified according to pattern of inheritance (autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, or X-linked recessive, and mitochondrial inheritance), the absence (nonsyndromic) or presence (syndromic) of other clinical features, and age at onset (prelingual or postlingual) [3]. To date, researchers have identified 98 genes associated with nonsyndromic hearing loss (NSHL) (Hereditary Hearing Loss Homepage, http://hereditaryhearingloss.org). Most of the mutations in the autosomal dominant loci cause postlingual hearing impairments [4].
Mutations in the COCH gene are responsible for the late-onset, progressive ADNSHL with incomplete penetrance of vestibular malfunction known as DFNA9 [5]. The COCH gene encodes a 550-aa extracellular protein cochlin that is the most highly expressed protein in the human and mouse inner ear [6]. The cochlin amino acid sequence contains an N-terminal signal peptide, an LCCL domain highly homologous to factor C, a serine proteinase involved in immune response of the Limulus, and two von Willebrand factor A (vWFA) domains [7]. So far, twenty-three DFNA9 mutations were identified in the LCCL domain, vWFA domain, and intervening domain [8–15]. Individuals with DFNA9 manifest late-onset progressive HL with onset usually before the fourth or fifth decade [16]. Onset of HL is initially in high frequencies, progressing to include lower frequencies, and usually leads to severe HL by the sixth decade of life. COCH mutations also result in vestibular dysfunction and balance problems in many affected individuals [16].
In this study, we performed massively parallel sequencing on a nonconsanguineous Chinese family segregating autosomal dominant sensorineural HL and identified a novel missense mutation in the LCCL domain.
2. Results
2.1. Clinical Phenotype
Seven individuals in family G405 were diagnosed with sensorineural hearing loss by otologic and audiometric analysis (Figure 1(a)). Affected family members showed moderate to severe bilateral sensorineural hearing loss initially affected high frequencies and, with increasing age, developed to mid- and low-frequencies, which resulted in a flat or downward sloping audiogram (Figure 1(b)). The self-reported age at onset of hearing loss was in the 2nd or 3rd decade. Vertigo, dizziness, and tinnitus have been reported or diagnosed in all affected family members except for VI:12.
(a)
(b)
2.2. Massively Parallel Sequencing
Targeted MPS aiming 131 deafness-associated genes was applied to proband of family G123. A mean depth of coverage of 176 was achieved with more than 98.6% of the targeted bases covered by more than 10 reads. Variants were called and filtered using strategies described previously. Briefly, variants meeting the following criteria were filtered out: (1) variants covered by less than 10 sequencing reads; (2) intronic and synonymous variants; (3) variants with allele frequencies bellow 0.01 in 1000 genome database, ESP6500 database, or ExAC database. Consequently, the COCH mutation c.T275A p.V92D (NM_001135058) was the only candidate variant that passed all filtering steps.
2.3. Mutation Analysis
Segregation analysis of candidate variants was carried out by Sanger sequencing. The novel COCH mutation c.T275A:p.V92D (NM_001135058) (Figure 2(a)) was present in all affected individuals but not in the normal family members that are above 40 years of age. This mutation caused an amino acid substitution in the LCCL domain of cochlin protein. Sequence alignment analysis of COCH from different species revealed that this amino acid is highly conserved (Figure 2(b)). The mutation was predicted to be deleterious by four computational programs (Figure 2(c)). Then, we scanned exon 4 of COCH gene in 100 unrelated Chinese control individuals. Consequently, no variants were detected.
3. Methods
3.1. Subjects and Clinical Diagnosis
A Chinese nonconsanguineous family, G405, with late-onset progressive hearing loss was recruited from the Department of Otolaryngology, Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. Family G405 has five generations and segregated late-onset autosomal dominant sensorineural hearing loss by otologic and audiometric analysis. Twenty-five family members, including seven affected individuals, were recruited. Otoscopy and pure tone audiometry (including frequencies from 250 to 8000 Hz) were applied to identify the phenotype. Vestibular function was assessed in some family members by caloric testing and electronystagmography. Blood samples were drawn from the participants. Written informed consent was obtained from all participating individuals in accordance with the ethics committee of Fudan University.
3.2. Massively Parallel Sequencing
Genomic DNA was extracted from whole blood using genomic DNA isolation kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany). Exome capture was carried out using TruSeq Exome Enrichment Kit according to the manufacturer’s protocols. Captured libraries were then loaded onto the Hiseq2000 platform, and sequencing was performed 100 bp paired-end, providing at least 80-fold coverage for each sample. Raw image files were processed by Illumina’s Cassava pipeline for base-calling with default parameters. The proband of family G123 was subjected to a gene panel containing 131 deafness genes. Capture and MPS of the coding exons plus ~100 bp of the flanking intronic sequences for the 131 deafness genes on a HiSeq2000 (Illumina) were performed by Otogenetics Corporation (Norcross, GA). A total of 3 μg genomic DNA was used as input material for NimbleGen capture methods to generate 2 × 100 paired-end reads. Sequencing reads were aligned to human reference genome (hg19/NCBI 37) using the Burrows-Wheeler Aligner (BWA) program, refined using the Genome Analysis Tool Kit (GATK) software and Picard. The genotypes in target regions were identified using the GATK Unified Genotyper; quality scores of the variants were recalibrated. Functional annotations of the variants were performed by Annovar [17].
3.3. Mutational Analysis
Segregation analysis of the candidate mutation identified by MPS was performed in available members of family G405 using PCR followed by bidirectional Sanger sequencing of the amplified fragments (ABI 3730XL; Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA). In addition, sequences from 100 ethnicity-matched samples with normal hearing were examined.
4. Discussion
In this study, we identified a novel heterozygous missense mutation within the LCCL domain of cochlin in a large Chinese family with late-onset progressive sensorineural HL and vestibular dysfunction. The mutations cosegregated with the disease and were not observed in public databases or 100 ethnicity-matched controls.
The p.V92D mutation identified in this study resides within the N-terminal LCCL domain of cochlin, which leads to substitution of the hydrophobic valine to an acidic amino acid aspartic acid. Mutations of this domain have been shown to cause misfolding and aggregation of the cochlin protein in a dominant-negative fashion and lead to cytotoxicity [7, 16]. It is noteworthy that most of the patients carrying mutations in the LCCL domain manifested vestibular dysfunctions. Our study supported this genotype-phenotype correlation because nearly all affected patients of family G405 exhibit vestibular dysfunction.
The pathogenic mechanisms of DFNA9 mutations have not been fully revealed; recent studies suggested several possible mechanisms. Several studies suggest that mutations in the LCCL domain induce misfolded LCCL domain and demonstrate cytotoxicity leading to inner ear damage [6, 18]. Others demonstrated that mutant cochlin forms a stable dimer that is sensitive to reducing agent. The mutant cochlin can stabilize wild type cochlin in the dimer conformation, providing a possible explanation for the dominant nature of DFNA9 mutations [19]. A recent study indicates that amino acid substitutions in cochlin lessened cochlin susceptibility to cleavage enzyme induced by aggrecanase, which caused reduced secretion of the LCCL domain to the extracellular compartment [8]. It is possible that the p.V92D mutation in our study may also lead to cochlin misfolding.
In conclusion, our findings enriched the mutation and genotype-phenotype correlation spectrum of DFNA9 and implied the importance for mutation screening of COCH in late-onset hearing loss with vestibular dysfunctions.
Competing Interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors’ Contributions
Xiaodong Gu, Wenling Su, Mingliang Tang, and Luo Guo contributed equally to this work.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by grants from the Major State Basic Research Development Program of China (2016YFC0905200 and 973 Program Grant 2015CB965000), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grants 81470687, 81230019, and 81500801), the Construction Program of the Shanghai Committee of Science and Technology (Grant 12DZ2251700), and the Xiamen Science and Technology Planning Project (Grant 3502z2014013).