Review Article
Respiratory Changes in Response to Cognitive Load: A Systematic Review
Table 1
Characteristics of selected studies (
).
| | Number of studies | % of studies |
| Sample | | | Average size (range) | 32 (7–132) | | Males | 21 (3–64) | | Females | 20 (1–68) | | Characteristics | | | Male only | 14 | 25.93 | Female only | 3 | 5.56 | Mixed gender | 37 | 68.52 | Mean age in yrs (range) | 27.08 (18–80) | | Manipulation (type of cognitive task) | | | Mental arithmetic | 17 | 25.93 | Stroop interference | 5 | 9.26 | Memory | 6 | 11.11 | Reasoning | 6 | 11.11 | Psychomotor | 5 | 9.26 | Multitasking | 14 | 25.93 | Choice reaction time | 2 | 3.70 | Attention | 9 | 16.67 | Vigilance | 2 | 3.70 | Respiratory measures | | | Respiratory rate (RR) | 54 | 100.00 | Tidal volume (TV) | 24 | 44.44 | Minute ventilation (MV) | 9 | 16.67 | Inspiratory time () | 1 | 1.85 | Expiratory time () | 0 | 0.00 | Inspiratory/expiratory ratio (/) | 1 | 1.85 | Mean inspiratory flow rate (TV/) | 1 | 1.85 | Inspiratory duty cycle (/) | 3 | 5.56 | Expiratory volume () | 1 | 1.85 | Contribution of ribcage breathing to (% RCi) | 2 | 3.70 | Sigh rate (SR) | 2 | 3.70 | Respiratory variability | | | Variance of RR (Var (RR)) | 1 | 1.85 | Coefficient of variation of RR (CV (RR)) | 3 | 5.56 | Autocorrelation of RR (AR (RR)) | 3 | 5.56 | Coefficient of variation of TV (CV (TV)) | 2 | 3.70 | Autocorrelation of TV (AR (TV)) | 2 | 3.70 | Coefficient of variation of MV (CV (MV)) | 2 | 3.70 | Autocorrelation of MV (AR (MV)) | 2 | 3.70 | Partial pressure of end-tidal CO2 (petCO2) | 4 | 7.41 | O2 consumption (VO2) | 4 | 7.41 | CO2 production (VCO2) | 4 | 7.41 | Respiratory exchange ratio (RER) | 2 | 3.70 | Apparatus | | | Spirometry | 7 | 12.96 | Respiratory inductive plethysmography | 15 | 27.78 | Strain gauge | 19 | 35.19 | Impedance plethysmography | 4 | 7.41 | Impedance cardiography | 3 | 5.56 | Capnography | 6 | 11.11 | Metabolic analyzer | 2 | 3.70 |
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