Neural Plasticity

Review Article

Respiratory Changes in Response to Cognitive Load: A Systematic Review

Table 2

Overview of selected studies () for reviewing respiration in response to cognitive task load.


Reference	Year		Manipulation		Outcome measures	Comments on methodology
Reference	Year		Task type	Period analyzed (s)	Outcome measures	Comments on methodology

Allen and Crowell [42]	1989	51	ATT, MA	180	RR, TV, MV, VO₂, VCO₂
Althaus et al. [43]	1998	32	MEM	390	RR
Backs et al. [44]	2003	15	MT	30	RR, TV	Feedback
Backs et al. [45]	2000	27	MT	180	RR
Backs et al. [46]	1994	12	PM	180	RR, TV
Backs and Seljos [47]	1994	24	MEM	240	RR, TV, VO₂, VCO₂	Verbal response, feedback
Barbosa et al. [38]	2010	17	SI	n/a	RR	Verbal response (one condition)
Beda et al. [39]	2007	25	MA	300	RR (RP), TV, /	Verbal response (one condition)
Bernardi et al. [40]	2000	12	MA	180	RR, MV	Verbal response (one condition)
Brookings et al. [48]	1996	8	MT	300	RR, TV
Brouwer et al. [49]	2014	35	MEM	120	RR (RP)	Feedback
Burleson et al. [50]	1998	24	MA	360	RR, TV	Verbal response, feedback
De Visser et al. [51]	1995	43	MEM	600	RR	Feedback
Delistraty et al. [52]	1991	30	MA	60	RR, TV, MV, VO₂, VCO₂, RER
Dijksterhuis et al. [53]	2011	22	MT	n/a	RR
Duschek et al. [54]	2009	28	ATT	280	RR
Ettema and Zielhuis [55]	1971	24	ATT	60	RR
Fairclough et al. [56]	2005	30	MT	240	RR
Fournier et al. [57]	1999	10	MT	180	RR, TV
Grassmann et al. [58]	2015	61	MT	300	RR, CV (RR), AR (RR), petCO₂
Herbert et al. [59]	2010	38	MA	300	RR	Feedback
Hoshikawa and Yamamoto [60]	1997	8	SI	630	RR, TV, MV	Feedback
Houtveen et al. [61]	2002	22	MT	240	RR, petCO₂	Feedback
Karavidas et al. [62]	2010	7	MT	300	RR, TV, MV
Kodesh and Kizony [63]	2014	23	RS	30	RR, TV, , VO₂
Kuehl et al. [64]	2015	10	ATT	300	RR
Lackner et al. [65]	2010	20	ATT, MA	300	RR
Mehler et al. [66]	2009	111	MT	120	RR
Melis and van Boxtel [67]	2007	52	RS	270–584	RR
Niizeki and Saitoh [68]	2012	20	MA	180	RR	Feedback
Nilsen et al. [69]	2007	44	CRT	600	RR	Feedback
Novak et al. [70]	2012	24	MA, PM, MT	300	RR, Var (RR)	Verbal response, feedback
Overbeek et al. [71]	2014	83	MEM	150	RR
Papadelis et al. [72]	2007	10	MT	60	RR
Pattyn et al. [73]	2010	20	SI	120	RR, TV,
Pattyn et al. [73]	2010	12	SI	120	RR, TV,
Pattyn et al. [74]	2008	21	VIG	1800	RR, TV
Pruneti and Boem [75]	1995	23	RS	n/a	RR
Roman-Liu et al. [76]	2013	15	ATT, VIG	240	RR
Roy and Steptoe [77]	1991	10	MA	300	RR
Schleifer et al. [78]	2008	23	MA, ATT	360	RR, petCO₂	Feedback (MA condition)
Silvia et al. [79]	2013	36	CRT	300	RR
Sloan et al. [41]	1991	10	MA	240	RR	Verbal response (one condition)
Sloan et al. [80]	1995	22	MA, SI	240	RR	Feedback
Steptoe et al. [81]	1997	132	RS, PM	300	RR, TV
Steptoe et al. [82]	1996	132	RS, PM	300	RR, TV
Troubat et al. [83]	2009	20	RS	300	RR, TV, VO₂, VCO₂, RER
Veltman [84]	2002	20	MT	n/a	RR, TV
Veltman and Gaillard [85]	1998	12	MT	240	RR, TV,	Feedback
Vlemincx et al. [20]	2011	43	ATT, MA	360	RR, TV, MV, %RCi, SR, CV (RR), AR (RR), CV (TV), AR (TV), CV (MV), AR (MV)	Feedback (MA condition)
Vlemincx et al. [86]	2012	47	MA, ATT	240	RR, TV, MV, %RCi, SR, CV (RR), AR (RR), CV (TV), AR (TV), CV (MV), AR (MV)	Feedback (MA condition)
Vögele and Steptoe [87]	1992	37	MA, PM	300	RR	Feedback
Wetzel et al. [88]	2006	80	MA	60	RR, TV	Verbal response, feedback
Wientjes et al. [7]	1998	44	MEM	300	RR, TV, MV, TV/, , petCO₂	Feedback (one condition)

Note. Control group/condition, sample of second experiment reported in Pattyn et al. (2010) [73], same sample as Steptoe et al. (1997) [81]; MA: mental arithmetic; SI: Stroop interference; MEM: memory; RS: reasoning; PM: psychomotor; MT: multiple task; CRT: choice reaction time; ATT: attentional; VIG: vigilance; RR: respiratory rate; RP: respiratory period (inverted direction of significant effects was used to integrate findings with RR); TV: tidal volume; MV: minute ventilation; : inspiratory time; : inspiratory/expiratory ratio; TV/: mean inspiratory flow rate; : inspiratory duty cycle; : expiratory volume; % RCi: contribution of ribcage breathing to inspiratory volume; SR: sigh rate; Var: variance; CV: coefficient of variation; AR: autocorrelation; petCO₂: partial pressure of end-tidal carbon dioxide; VO₂: oxygen consumption; VCO₂: carbon dioxide production; RER: respiratory exchange ratio.