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| Therapy | Model | Mechanism and influence of neural plasticity |
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| Electroacupuncture | Rats | Reverses the impairment induced by long-term potentiation in CA1 synapses of hippocampus |
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| Electroconvulsive shock | Rats and humans | Facilitates hippocampal neurogenesis, an early decrease of intralimbic functional connectivity and a later increase of limbic-prefrontal functional connectivity, and makes neuroplasticity changes in the amygdala due to neurotrophic processes including neurogenesis |
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| Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation | Humans | Promotes amygdala-lateral prefrontal network resting state functional connectivity in right amygdala |
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| Real-time fMRI neurofeedback training | Humans | Enhances blood-oxygenation-level-dependent activity in amygdala |
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| Positive emotional learning | Rats | Facilitates N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-dependent synaptic plasticity learning |
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| Physical exercise | Rats | Prevents changes in synaptic plasticity and increases in synaptic transmission in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons caused by stress |
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| Nutritional substance supplementation | Rats | Prevents the development of depression through impeding HPA axis hyperactivity |
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| Glucocorticoid receptor antagonists | Rats | Protects against negative synaptic plasticity in CA1 induced by stress |
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| Monoaminergic antidepressants | Rats | Protects against negative synaptic plasticity in CA1 induced by stress |
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| TJZL184 (a monoacylglycerol lipase inhibitor) | Rats | Enhances adult neurogenesis and long-term synaptic plasticity in the DG of the hippocampus |
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| Lycium barbarum | Rats | Enhances synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus |
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| Lithium (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor) | Rats and humans | Facilitates hippocampal neurogenesis |
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| Fluoxetine (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor) | Rats | Amygdala neuroplasticity, alleviates upregulation of synaptosomal polysialic neural cell adhesion molecule and reverses the inhibitory effects of chronic mild stress on spontaneous burst firing of medial prefrontal cortex pyramidal neurons |
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| Tadalafil (phosphodiesterase inhibitor) | Rats | Suppresses maternal separation-induced apoptosis and increases cell proliferation in the dentate gyrus |
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| Venlafaxine (serotonin/norepinephrine dual reuptake inhibitor) | Rats | Suppresses hippocampal apoptosis by upregulating brain-derived neurotrophic factor |
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| Ketamine and lanicemine (NMDA receptor antagonists) | Rats | Increases mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling by activating threonine kinase (AKT) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathways and increases synaptic number and function in the prefrontal cortex |
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| Mecamylamine (nicotinic antagonist) | Rats | Increases PFC levels of BDNF and monoamines |
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