| Protein | Function | Neurological disease | References |
| Adhesion molecules | |
| NL1 | Memory formation and maturation of excitatory synapses | ASD | [111, 112] | AD | [113] | FXS | [114] |
| NL2 | Formation and remodeling of inhibitory synapses | SCZ | [115] | ASD | [116] |
| NL3 | Formation and remodeling of excitatory and inhibitory synapses | ASD | [105, 117–121] |
| NL4 | Formation and remodeling of excitatory and inhibitory synapses | ASD | [117–119, 122–126] |
| Glutamate receptors | |
| NMDARs | Regulation of synaptic plasticity and memory formation | ASD | [127–129] | SCZ | [127, 130, 131] | AD | [132–136] | HD | [137, 138] |
| KARs | Maturation of neural circuits during development | ASD | [139–141] | SCZ | [142] | BPD | [142, 143] |
| AMPARs | Mediators of excitatory transmission and synaptic plasticity | ASD | [144] | SCZ | [145–147] | BPD | [148] | MDD | [149] | FXS | [150, 151] | HD | [152] |
| mGluRs | Regulation of neuronal excitability, learning, and memory | ASD | [153–156] | ID | [156] | FXS | [157–159] |
| Scaffolding proteins | |
| PSD-95 | Stabilization of the synapse, and regulation of synaptic strength, transmission, and plasticity | AD | [160–162] | ASD | [163, 164] | SCZ | [164, 165] | HD | [166–168] | FXS | [169–173] |
| Shank1 | Regulation of the structural and functional organization of the dendritic spines | ASD | [174–176] | SCZ | [177, 178] |
| Shank2 | Synaptogenesis; regulation of the molecular structure and modulation of interacting proteins in the PSD | ASD | [179–182] | ID | [183, 184] | SCZ | [185] |
| Shank3 | Synapse formation, dendritic spine maturation, and synaptic plasticity
| ASD | [186–193] | PMS | [194–196] | SCZ | [197] |
| Homer | Organization, stabilization and function of the PSD, and contribution in dendritic spine morphogenesis | SCZ | [198–202] |
| SynGAP | Involvement in the cognitive development and synaptic transmission and function | SCZ | [203] | ASD | [204, 205] | ID | [206] |
| Gephyrin | Clustering and localization of glycine and GABA receptors at inhibitory synapses | ASD | [207] | SCZ | Epilepsy | [208] |
| Other postsynaptic-associated proteins | |
| DISC1 | Regulation of synaptic plasticity | SCZ | [209–212] | Depression | [209, 213] | BPD | [210] | ASD | [214] | AD | [215] |
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The table summarizes the physiological synaptic function of postsynaptic proteins whose alterations result in synaptopathies related to neurodevelopmental, neuropsychiatric, and neurodegenerative diseases. AD, Alzheimer’s disease; AMPARs, α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor; BPD, bipolar spectrum disorder; ASD, autism spectrum disorder; DISC1, disrupted in schizophrenia 1; FXS, Fragile X syndrome; HD, Huntington’s Disease; ID, intellectual disability; KARs, kainate receptors; MDD, major depressive disorder; mGluRs, metabotropic glutamate receptors; NLs, neuroligins; NMDARs, N-methyl-D-aspartate; PMS, Phelan-McDermid syndrome; PSD-95, postsynaptic density-95; SCZ, schizophrenia.
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