Hypertension and Its Impact on Stroke Recovery: From a Vascular to a Parenchymal Overview

Table 1

Hypertension models in the rodent. BP: blood pressure; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; HTN: hypertension.

Model type	Hypertension characteristics	Animals	Morbidity	Reproducibility	Feasibility	Cost
Pharmacological models
Angiotensin II	Severe HTN; BP increase within 6-10 days	Mice; Rats	Moderate	High	Moderate; Subcutaneous pump	Low
Deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)	Severe HTN; Usually in combination with unilateral nephrectomy and high-salt diet; BP increase within 3 weeks	Mice; Rats	Low	High	High	Low
N-Nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME)	Moderate HTN: at 4-6 weeks (rats); Inhibition of NO synthase	Mice; Rats	Low	High	High	Low
Genetic models
Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR)	Severe HTN; by 6 months postnatal	Rats	Low	High	High	Low
Stroke-prone SHR (SHRSP)	Extremely severe HTN (>SHR)	Rats	High; High incidence of stroke	High	High	Low
Dahl salt-sensitive rat	Severe HTN with high-salt diet (8% NaCl); Moderate HTN with low-salt diet (0.4% NaCl)	Rats	High; Low	High	High	Low
Surgical models
Two-kidney one-clip model; (2K1C)	Secondary (renovascular) HTN with increased renin-angiotensin-aldosterone activation; >20 mmHg higher for SBP/DBP than sham-operated controls 4 weeks after clipping [160]; 3 weeks postsurgery [161]; SBP peak mean value: at postsurgery [161]	Rats; Mice	Moderate	Moderate (70%) [161]; Influenced by clip type, diet, and animal age [26]	Rats: high; Mice: medium	Low
Two-kidney two-clip model; (2K2C)	Secondary (renovascular) HTN with increased renin-angiotensin-aldosterone activation; 3 weeks postsurgery; SBP peak mean value: at postsurgery [161]	Rats; Mice	High; Increased incidence of stroke (62%) [161]	High (100%) [161]; Influenced by clip type, diet, and animal age [26]	Rats: high; Mice: medium	Low
One-kidney one-clip model; (1K1C)	Secondary (renovascular) HTN with increased renin-angiotensin-aldosterone activation; >35 mmHg higher for SBP/DBP than sham-operated controls 4 weeks after clipping, more rapid than 2K1C [160]; 3 weeks postsurgery; SBP peak mean value: at postsurgery	Rats; Mice	High; Acute kidney failure (23.3%) [161]; Increased incidence of stroke (23.3%)	High (76%) [161]; Influenced by clip type, diet, and animal age [26]	Rats: high; Mice: medium	Low