PICOs Population Intervention Comparison Outcomes Systematic reviews included Individual studies included in SR Conclusion RCT Controlled before–after studies Longitudinal study 1 SCI CBT: 10 sessions of 3 hours over 10 weeks Waiting list CPG Boldt et al. [58 ]② , Eccleston et al. [49 ]① , and Williams et al. [48 ]② Heutink [19 ] Mixed 2 SCI iCBT: 6 sessions, 6 weeks WLC BPI, NRS Gandy et al. [41 ]③ Burke [18 ] Potentially better 3 Mixed Cognitive restructuring session: 8 Pain education Scale (0–10) van de Wetering et al. [37 ]④ Ehde and Jensen [68 ] No difference 4 HIV-related peripheral neuropathic pain CBT week: 6 Standard supportive psychotherapy BPI van de Wetering et al. [37 ]④ Evans et al. [23 ] No difference 5 HIV-related peripheral neuropathic pain iACT: 12 sessions WLC BPI Gandy et al. [41 ]③ Scott [22 ] Potentially better 6 BMS Cognitive therapy: 12-15 sessions, one hour once a week Attention/placebo return visits 3 times during 12-15 weeks VAS ranging from 1 to 7 McMillan et al. [64 ]③ , Kisely et al. [67 ]④ , Liu et al. [66 ]④ , Cabras et al. [60 ]③ , and Aggarwal et al. [52 ]④ Bergdahl [69 ] Potentially better after greater than 3 months Liu et al. [66 ]④ , Cabras et al. [60 ]③ , Aggarwal et al. [52 ]④ , Aggarwal et al. [34 ]③ , and Reyad et al. [35 ]④ Bergdahl [69 ] Mixed 7 Migraine Mindfulness: 7 min group session (with script), instructed to practice 20 min/day for 2 weeks at home (given handout). Practiced 15 min just before cold pressor task Relaxing Pain tolerance and self-reported pain intensity and stress (0–10 scales) McClintock et al. [38 ]④ Feuille and Pargament [70 ] No difference 8 Migraine ACT: six 90 min small group sessions (once per week for 6 weeks) TAU Monthly migraine days Galvez-Sánchez et al. [39 ]③ Grazzi et al., [71 ] Potentially better (significant results at the 6-month follow-up) 9 Migraine ACT: six 90 min small group sessions (once per week for 6 weeks) Erenumab: 70 mg (per month as an adjunct to pharmacological prophylaxis) Monthly migraine days Galvez-Sánchez et al. [39 ]③ Grazzi et al., [71 ] No difference 10 Migraine MBCT WLC/TAU Headache frequency, severity Pei et al. [47 ]④ , Bae et al. [40 ]④ Mansourishad [72 ] Mixed Bae et al. [40 ]④ Seng [73 ] No difference 11 Migraine CBT: 8 weekly, 1-hour individual sessions, followed by monthly booster sessions of similar duration at weeks 12 and 16 and at the 3-, 6-, and 9-month follow-up points Education HA frequency (day/month) Bae et al. [40 ]④ , Ng et al. [43 ]④ , Fisher et al. [63 ]④ , and Fisher et al. [54 ]① Powers [74 ] Mixed Ng et al. [43 ]④ , Fisher et al. [54 ]① Powers [74 ] Potentially better at 3 months or later 12 Migraine CBT Self-administered group/self-monitoring Total headache index Fisher et al. [63 ]④ McGrath [75 ] Potentially better Fisher et al. [54 ]① Griffiths [76 ] Potentially better 13 Migraine CBT Waiting list Headache diary using 0–5 intensity/headache diary using 0–10 NRS intensity Ng et al. [43 ]④ Griffiths [76 ], Kroener-Herwig [77 ], Larsson [78 ], Osterhaus [79 ], and Barry [80 ] Potentially better (potentially better at 3 months or later) 14 Migraine CT (cognitive coping) Sham coping skills Headache diary (headache index, frequency, mean duration, and peak intensity) Fisher et al. [63 ]④ Richter [81 ] No difference (follow-up) Fisher et al. [63 ]④ , Fisher et al. [54 ]① , Fisher et al. [55 ]④ , Ng et al. [43 ]④ , Palermo et al. [56 ]④ , and Trautmann et al. [57 ]④ Richter [81 ] Mixed 15 Migraine CBT Placebo control Headache diary using 0–10 NRS intensity Ng et al. [43 ]④ Passchier [82 ] Unclear Headache diary using 0–10 NRS intensity Ng et al. [43 ]④ McGrath [75 ] Potentially better at 3 months or later Headache diary using 0–5 intensity Palermo et al. [56 ]④ , Trautmann et al. [57 ]④ , and Ng et al. [43 ]④ McGrath [75 ] Mixed 16 Migraine CBT Biofeedback placebo Headache diary using 0–4 scale (4 being the highest intensity) Ng et al. [43 ]④ Scharff [83 ] Potentially better Headache diary using 0–4 scale (4 being the highest intensity) Ng et al. [43 ]④ Scharff [83 ] No difference at 3 months or later 17 Migraine CBT coping skills Metoprolol 50–100 mg OM Headache diary using 0–10 NRS intensity Ng et al. [43 ]④ Sartory [84 ] Potentially better (beneficial at 3 months or later) 18 Migraine CBTi baseline Sham control (lifestyle modification) HA frequency (days/month), HA severity Bae et al. [40 ]④ Smitherman [85 ] Unclear 19 Migraine Internet CBT Waiting list/TAU Clinical reduction in headache frequency Fisher et al. [53 ]③ , Macea et al. [45 ]④ , Palermo et al. [56 ]④ , Fisher et al. [55 ]④ , and Ng et al. [43 ]④ Connelly [86 ] Mixed Daily headache record (headache duration, number of hours, and severity on a 4-point scale), PCS, and PGIC Eccleston et al. [50 ]④ Bromberg [87 ] Unclear PCS Schütze et al. [65 ]④ , Gandy et al. [41 ]③ , and Buhrman et al. [44 ]④ Bromberg [87 ] Mixed Headache diary using 0–10 NRS intensity Ng et al. [43 ]④ Hicks [88 ] Potentially better (potentially better at 3 months or later) Clinical reduction in headache frequency Fisher et al. [55 ]④ , Ng et al. [43 ]④ Connelly [86 ] Potentially better at two-month and three-month follow-up 20 Migraine Online CBT Education HA frequency (% of days), HA duration (h/episode), and HA severity (VAS) Bae et al. [40 ]④ , Fisher et al. [53 ]③ , and Fisher et al. [63 ]④ Rapoff [89 ] Mixed HA frequency (% of days), HA duration (h/episode), and HA severity (VAS) Fisher et al. [53 ]③ , Fisher et al. [63 ]④ Rapoff [89 ] No difference at 3-month follow-up 21 DPN CBT one-on-one, 60-minute weekly sessions over 11 weeks TAU WHYMPI Amato Nesbit et al. [59 ]④ , Davies et al. [61 ]④ , and Racaru et al. [51 ]④ John D Otis [21 ] Mixed WHYMPI Davies et al. [61 ]④ , Racaru et al. [51 ]④ John D Otis [21 ] Potentially better at 4-month follow-up 22 DPN CBT: 10 weekly sessions of 60 minutes, delivered one-on-one by a doctoral-level psychologist Education NRS Racaru et al. [51 ]④ Kerns [90 ] No difference 23 Postmastectomy pain syndrome MBCT: 8 consecutive weeks, one weekly session of WLC SF-MPQ-2, NRS Chappell et al. [36 ]④ , Ngamkham et al. [46 ]④ , Ruano et al. [62 ]④ , Feng et al. [42 ]④ Johannsen [91 ] Mixed 24 CIPN iCBT: 10 sessions, 8weeks TAU NRS Gandy et al. [41 ]③ Knoerl [25 ] No difference
