| Function | Mediator | Timing of expression | Expression level | Outcomes |
| Antigen Presentation | Activating | MHC class I, MHC class II | All stages (initiation, peak and recovery) | Significantly increased | Present antigen, initiate T cell activation; Induce apoptosis without co-stimulatory molecules | CD80, CD86, CD40, | Depends on cell markers chosen | Increased, but lower than DCs | Fully activate T cell with MHC molecules | Inhibitory | B1-H7 | Not examined | Increased | T cell activation inhibition |
| Cytokine/ chemokine release | Proinflammatory (M1) | IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, NO, IFN-γ, IL-12 | High at onset, sustained at all stages (initiation, peak and recovery) | Dramatically increased, dominant | Induce synaptic deficits; death of neurons and OLs; Induce Th1 and Th17 differentiation; Induce disfunction of NSCs/OPCs | Anti-inflammatory (M2) | IL-4, IL-10, TGF-β | Low at onset, increased at later time points | Increased, lower than M1 | Promote growth of long dendrites; Induce Th2 and Treg differentiation; Increase proliferation and differentiation of NSCs/OPCs | Chemokines | CCL2, CXCL3, CCL12, CCL4, CCL5 | Varies | Increased | Regulate migration of T cells, NSCs and OPCs |
| Phagocytosis | Activating | CR3, SRA, FcγR, TREM2 | Not examined | Increased | Facilitate recognition of myelin, remove myelin debris | Inhibitory | SIRPα | Not examined | Decreased | Downregulate phagocytosis, induce self-tolerance |
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