Inflammation, Cerebral Vasospasm, and Evolving Theories of Delayed Cerebral Ischemia

Table 1

Landmark discoveries of the relationship between vasospasm and inflammation in the last halfcentury.

History of the relationship between inflammatory markers and cerebral vasospasm: a look at contributions to the literature
Author (year)	Inflammatory parameter assessed	Model	Findings
Walton (1955) [52]	Fever	Human	SAH patients with fever have decreased survival
Rousseaux et al. (1980) [53]	Fever	Human	SAH patients with fever have decreased survival
Spallone et al. (1987) [54]	Leukocytosis	Human	SAH is accompanied by leukocytosis
Mathiesen et al. (1990) [137]	Neopterin	Human	CSF neopterin levels rise with SAH
Minami et al. (1991) [103]	LTC4	Canine	LTC4 expression increases with SAH
Peterson et al. (1990) [138]	Cell free blood components	Canine	Subarachnoid foreign bodies induce angiographic BA vasospasm
Edwards et al. (1992) [57]	EDRF	Porcine	Adventitial hemoglobin reduces EDRF concentrations
Onda et al. (1999) [139]	MCP-1, cystatin B, inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor, serum amyloid A protein, and GP130	Canine	SAH increases expression of inflammatory markers genes
Fabender et al., (2000) [9]	ET1, IL-6, and TNF𝛼	In vitro	Leukocytes activated by incubation with blood release inflammatory markers
Aihara et al. (2001) [140]	Il-1A, Il-6, Il-6, Il10, VCAM-1, TGF-ss, and bFGF	Canine	SAH increases expression of markers with BA vasospasm
McGirt et al. (2002) [141]	MM-9, VEGF, and vWF	Human	Increases in VEGF, MMP-9, and VEGF precede angiographic vasospasm
Sasaki et al. (2004) [142]	IL-1a, IL-1b, and IL-8	Canine	Hemolysate increased inflammatory marker expression by MAPK mediated pathways
Recinos et al. (2006) [19]	LPS	Leporine	LPS induces BA narrowing and clinical CVS
Zhou et al. (2007) [143]	TNF𝛼, ICAM-1, and MPO	Leporine	Hemolysate increases NF-Kb DNA binding activity with increase in inflammatory markers and angiographic BA vasospasm
Jȩdrzejowska-Szypułka et al. (2009) [68]	IL-1B	Murine	IL-1B activity increased with hemolysate and reversed with IL-1B antibodies
Wang et al. (2010) [144]	CD34	Murine	CD34 expression increases with SAH at the peak of vasospasm
Wirrig et al. (2011) [145]	SPC	Murine	SPC increases MCP-1 and acts as inflammatory mediator in CVS

LTC4: leukotriene C4, MCP-1: monocyte chemotactic protein 1, ET1: endothelin 1, TNF𝛼: tumor necrosis factor alpha, MMP9: matrix metalloproteinase, bFGF: basic fibroblast growth factor, EDRF: endothelium derived relaxing factor, IL1: interleukin 1, LPS: lipopolysaccharide, ICAM-1: intercellular adhesion molecule 1, MPO: myeloperoxidase, vWF: von Willebrand’s factor, CD34: cluster of differentiation 34, SPC: sphyngosylphosphorylcholine, BA: basilar artery, and GP130: glycoprotein 130.