Inflammatory marker or cytokines (peripheral) Reference Associated conditions Common symptom associated Mechanism Effect on other cytokines (if +) IL-6 Hergenroeder et al. 2010 [23 ] Orthopedic, muscular injury, and surgery Depression, memory impairment HPA axis, alters NE, serotonin, dopamine, and cholinergic neurotransmission Production of other cytokines and propagation of the inflammatory response TNF-
Melanie Lancette-Hebert et al. 2007
ā Lenz et al. 2007 [22 ] Surgery, muscle injury, and depression, LTP and synaptic scaling Generation of free radicals such as NO, chronic hyperexcitability, and alterations in gene expression Production of other cytokines and propagation of the inflammatory response IL-1
Namas et al. 2009 [3 ] Muscular injury, surgery Inhibits the long term potentiation (LTP), synaptic plasticity Proliferation of microglia, alteration of NE, serotonin, dopamine, and cholinergic neurotransmission Synergistic action with other proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-
CRP
Xie et al. 2009 [7 ] Postoperative, muscular, and orthopedic injury, cardiac surgery Memory and visuospatial impairment Endothelial function, disruption of frontal subcortical pathways IL-1, IL-6, TNF-a, IL-B, IL-10, and serum Tau protein S-100 B Hayakata et al. 2004 [39 ] Sedaghat and Notopoulos 2008 [40 ] Muscular injury Cognitive dysfunction Neurotoxic at higher concentration IL-6, IL- 8, IL- 10, IL-1, and TNF-
IL-2
Anisman et al. 2002 [41 ] Depressive state Impaired spatial memory performance Dopaminergic transmission, hippocampal LTP ā INF
Anisman et al. 2002 [41 ] Depressive state Cognitive dysfunction, confusion, and psychomotor slowing Depletion of serotonin IL-1, TNF