Review Article

[Retracted] Peripheral Cytokines as a Chemical Mediator for Postconcussion Like Sickness Behaviour in Trauma and Perioperative Patients: Literature Review

Table 2

The overview of common but important inflammatory markers involved in systemic inflammatory response and neurocognitive compromise.

Inflammatory marker or cytokines (peripheral)ReferenceAssociated conditionsCommon symptom associated MechanismEffect on other cytokines (if +)

IL-6Hergenroeder et al. 2010 [23]Orthopedic, muscular injury, and surgeryDepression, memory impairment HPA axis, alters NE, serotonin, dopamine, and cholinergic neurotransmissionProduction of other cytokines and propagation of the inflammatory response

TNF- Melanie Lancette-Hebert et al. 2007 ā€‰
Lenz et al. 2007 [22]
Surgery, muscle injury, and depression, LTP and synaptic scalingGeneration of free radicals such as NO, chronic hyperexcitability, and alterations in gene expressionProduction of other cytokines and propagation of the inflammatory response

IL-1 Namas et al. 2009 [3]Muscular injury, surgeryInhibits the long term potentiation (LTP), synaptic plasticityProliferation of microglia,
alteration of NE, serotonin, dopamine, and cholinergic neurotransmission
Synergistic action with other proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-

CRP Xie et al. 2009 [7]Postoperative, muscular, and orthopedic injury, cardiac surgeryMemory and visuospatial impairmentEndothelial function, disruption of frontal subcortical pathwaysIL-1, IL-6, TNF-a, IL-B, IL-10, and serum Tau protein

S-100 BHayakata et al. 2004 [39]
Sedaghat and Notopoulos 2008 [40]
Muscular injuryCognitive dysfunctionNeurotoxic at higher concentrationIL-6, IL- 8, IL- 10, IL-1, and TNF-

IL-2 Anisman et al. 2002 [41]Depressive stateImpaired spatial memory performanceDopaminergic transmission, hippocampal LTPā€‰

INF Anisman et al. 2002 [41]Depressive stateCognitive dysfunction, confusion, and psychomotor slowingDepletion of serotonin IL-1, TNF