[Retracted] Peripheral Cytokines as a Chemical Mediator for Postconcussion Like Sickness Behaviour in Trauma and Perioperative Patients: Literature Review

Table 3

The PCS symptoms explained based on the cytokines.

PCS symptoms	Systemic illness	Reference	Cytokines associated
Headache	Migraine headaches	Munno et al. 2001 [42]	IL-10
	Review articles	Martelletti 2000 [43]	IL-1B, TNF-a
		Williamson and Hargreaves 2001 [44]	CGRP, calcitonin, and TNF-a
Fatigue	CARDIA	Cho et al. 2009 [45]	CRP
	WBC	Raison et al. 2009 [46]	CRP
	Cancer patients	Schubert et al. 2007 [47]	CRP, IL-1, and IL-6
	Coronary heart disease	Janszky et al. 2005 [48]	CRP, IL-1, and IL-6
	Rheumatoid arthritis	Davis et al. 2008 [49]	CRP, IL-1, and IL-6
	Multiple sclerosis	Heesen et al. 2006 [50]	IFN-𝛾, TNF-𝛼
Irritability	Verbal aggression and irritability	Ahren-Moonga et al. 2008 [51]	IL-6
Insomnia or sleep disturbance	Excessive daytime sleepiness, sleep apnea, narcolepsy, and idiopathic hypersomnia	Vgontzas and chrousos 2002 [52]	IL-6 and/or TNF-a
	Sleep deprivation	Vgontzas and chrousos 2002 [52]	IL-6, cortisol
	Hemodialysis	Erten et al. 2005 [53],; Chiu et al. 2009 [54]	IL-B,
Reduced tolerance to stress, emotional excitement	General stressors	Anisman et al. 2002 [41]	IL-1𝛽, TNF-𝛼
	Mood	Brydon et al. 2009 [55]; Himmerich et al. 2006 [11]	IL-6, IL-1, and TNF-a
Cognitive and memory difficulties	Hippocampal dependent memory	McAfoose and Baune 2009 [56]	IL-1𝛽, TNF-𝛼
	Cognitive functions	McAfoose and Baune 2009 [56]	IFN-𝛾 (cognitive dysfuntion), IL-6 (impaired learning and memory), and IL-2 (spatial working memory)
Anxiety, depression,; personality changes,; and apathy	ACS	Joska and Stein 2008 [57],; Poole et al. 2011 [19]
	Immunotherapy	Anisman et al. 2002 [41]	IL-2, IFN-1B
	Systemic trauma, depression	Wright et al. 2005 [29], Reichenberg et al. 2001 [58], and; Dowlati et al. 2010 [28]	IL-6
	Systemic trauma	Meares et al. 2008 [4]	IL-6, TNF-a
Dizziness	Headaches, migraines	Humphriss and Hall 2011 [59]; Calhoun et al. 2011 [60]	IL-1B, TNF-a, and IL-10