Neurology Research International

Research Article

Brain Activity during Lower-Limb Movement with Manual Facilitation: An fMRI Study

Table 3

(a) Cluster analysis of activations. (b) Cluster analysis of deactivations.
(a)
ContrastRunCluster Center of
Mass		Region area BAPeak VoxelRegion areaBA Other BA included in the clusterNumber of voxels-test valueFunction
Verbal versus baseline Right 156,72−16,266,09Temporal lobe; superior temporal gyrus42 R47−146Temporal lobe; superior temporal gyrus42 R—44256,300,000Processing auditory information
2−2,3−50,5450,26Parietal lobe; precuneusS2-7 R−1−8046Parietal lobe; precuneusS2-7 R1, 2, 3, 4, 24 R166556,590,000Processing somatosensory and motor information (motivation and execution)
3−0,34−55,523,8Lingual gyrusNA−4−623Lingual gyrusNA—34805,410,000Visual recognition of words
4−34,97−59,2247,28Parietal lobe; inferior parietal lobuleS2-7 L−28−6555Parietal lobe, superior parietal lobuleS2-7 L1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 24 L20805,600,000Processing somatosensory and motor information (motivation, planning, and execution)
5
−59,17
−21,42
6,55
Temporal lobe; superior temporal gyrus
42 L
−58
1
9
Temporal lobe; superior temporal gyrus
42 L
—
5177
6,10
0,000
Processing auditory information
Left 151,8−17,847,86Temporal lobe; superior temporal gyrus42 R47−206Temporal lobe; superior temporal gyrus42 R—35415,630,000Processing auditory information
21,71−31,3354,31Frontal lobe, precentral gyrusM1-4 R/L−1−3260Frontal lobe, precentral gyrusM1-4 R/L1, 2, 3, 5, 24 (R/L), 6 (L)71535,030,000Processing somatosensory and motor information (motivation, planning, and execution)
3−57,16−13,995,48Temporal lobe; superior temporal gyrus42 L−49−239Temporal lobe; superior temporal gyrus42 L—38305,250,000Processing auditory information
Manual versus baseline Right 1−5,04−36,558,66Parietal lobe; central gyrusS1-1L−4−4157Parietal lobe, central gyrusS1-1L2, 3, 4, 5 L27844,990,000Processing somatosensory and motor information (execution)
2
−5,06
−75,24
43,24
Parietal lobe; precuneus
S2-7L
−10
−71
48
Parietal lobe; precuneus
S2-7L
—
1064
4,48
0,000
Processing visuomotor coordination information
Left 19,16−37,5955,61Ventral cingulate cortex24 R38−4151Superior parietal lobeS2-5L1, 2, 3, 4, 24 (R/L) 110045,300,000Processing somatosensory and motor information (motivation, planning, and execution)
Verbal versus manual Right 156,55−17,036,34Temporal lobe; primary auditory cortex42 R47−146Temporal lobe; primary auditory cortex42 R—48026,300,000Processing auditory information
218,82−67,326,33Parietal lobe; precuneus31 R14−6215Limbic lobe31 R—13084,180,000Processing emotions and recognition
3−0,84−59,7131,8Parietal lobe; precuneusS2-7 L2−4439Limbic lobe; cingulate gyrus31 R1, 5, 7 L172226,670,000Processing somatosensory information and emotions
4−23,82−76,3825,78Occipital lobe19 L−19−8928Occipital lobe19 L—14293,890,000Processing visual information
5−38,57−48,1146,84Parietal lobe, inferior parietal lobule40 L−28−6554Superior parietal lobeS2-7 L—50185,850,000Processing somatosensory information
6−60,01−25,596,95Temporal lobe22 L−61−146Temporal lobe22 L2148926,120,000Language comprehension
7
−59,29
−0,49
−2,26
Temporal lobe
22 L
−62
4
0
Temporal lobe
22 L
21
1205
5,82
0,000
Language comprehension
Left 154,79−16,536,88Temporal lobe; superior temporal gyrus42 R50−83Temporal lobe22 R—32434,860,000Processing auditory information and language comprehension
2−59,34−11,554,06Temporal lobe; superior temporal gyrus22 L−64−20−6Temporal lobe; superior temporal gyrus22 L—33505,350,000Language comprehension
Manual versus verbal Right 139,08−64,1712,73Occipital lobe; middle occipital gyrus19 R35−563White matter; occipital lobeNA—27014,380,000Processing visual information
29,9230,9−1,26White matter; frontal lobe; prefrontal cortex RNA1731−3White matter; frontal lobe; prefrontal cortex RNA—10374,270,000Executive functions
3
−40,24
−61,92
9,41
Occipital lobe
19 L
−46
−59
6
Occipital lobe
19 L
—
958
5,04
0,000
Processing visual information
Left 128,71−22,7830,62Parietal lobe; subcentral gyrus; white matter RNA48−3551Parietal lobe; subpostcentral gyrus; white matter RNA—427525,440,000Processing somatosensory information; connectivity with M1
244,94−46,16−4,1Temporal lobe; lateral occipitotemporal gyrus37 R44−38−3Temporal lobe; lateral occipitotemporal gyrus37 R—16044,410,000Processing multimodal information
334,57−70,21−0,07Occipital lobe19 R38−506Occipital lobe19 R—28354,890,000Processing visual information
421,29−5,92−8,72Limbic lobe; amygdala RNA26−2−15Limbic lobe; amygdala RNA—13894,070,000Processing emotional and motivational information
515,83−48,26−35,17Cerebellum posterior; lobes VIIIb and IX RNA14−53−33Cerebellum posterior; lobes VIIIb and IX RNA—11645,260,000Processing somatosensory information
6−6,06−29,09−22,44Brainstem; superior dorsal pons LNA−1−29−24Brainstem; superior dorsal pons LNA—17894,780,000Communication with the cerebellum
7−15,6−20,155,25Thalamus; ventroposterolateral nucleus LNA−7−149Thalamus; ventroposterolateral nucleus LNA—22914,910,000Processing somatosensory information
8−25,32−19,432,93Parietal lobe; subcentral gyrus; white matter LNA−25−2030Parietal lobe, subcentral gyrus; white matter LNA—132584,760,000Processing somatosensory information; connectivity with M1
9−20,93−41−33Cerebellum posterior; lobes VIIIb and IX RNA−19−38−27Cerebellum posterior; lobes VIIIb and IX RNA—14855,130,000Processing somatosensory information
10−33,534,33−7,23Insula lobe LNA−34−5−3Insula lobe LNA—16013,550,001Processing emotions
11−47,05−13,71−13,92Temporal lobe; subgyral L21−49−29−9Temporal lobe; subgyral L21—15215,460,000Processing auditory and language information
Manual + verbal versus baseline Right153,52−17,267,23Temporal lobe; superior temporal gyrus42 R59−170Temporal lobe; superior temporal gyrus22 R—50545,500,000Processing auditory information and language comprehension
2−3,88−37,8559,07Parietal lobe, postcentral gyrus1 L−4−4157Parietal lobe, postcentral gyrus2 L—23435,000,000Processing somatosensory information
3
57,75
−23,57
7,35
Temporal lobe; superior temporal gyrus
42 L
−64
−32
6
Temporal lobe; superior temporal gyrus
22 L
—
4276
6,02
0,000
Processing auditory information and language comprehension
Left 150,65−20,259,91Temporal lobe; superior temporal gyrus42 R5053Temporal lobe; superior temporal gyrus22 R—94266,610,000Processing auditory information and language comprehension
24,01−32,1254,61Frontal lobe; cingulate cortex ventral24 R20−3557Parietal lobe; prepyriform cortex5 R—61614,610,000Processing somatosensory and motivation
information
3−55,53−19,257,6Temporal lobe22 L−52−176Temporal lobe22 L—48295,600,000Language comprehension
Talairach coordinates; BA: Brodmann area; R: right hemisphere; L: left hemisphere; S2: secondary somatosensory area; S1: primary somatosensory area; M1: primary motor area.
(b)
ContrastRunClusterCenter of MassRegion area BAPeak VoxelRegion areaBANumber of voxels-test valueFunction
Verbal versus baseline Right10,36−6,546,8Ventral interhemispheric region; commissuresNA44−8−18Temporal lobe; inferior temporal gyrus20 R246561−6,960,000Processing interhemispheric connectivity; visual object recognition
Left1−3,43−31,280,21Parahippocampal gyrus27 L29−8615Occipital lobe; middle occipital gyrus18 L307282−8,600,000Processing memory and visual information
  127,76−6,4125,44Frontal lobe; subprecentral gyrus; white matter RNA50−830Frontal lobe; precentral gyrus4 R13466−5,390,000Processing motor information
  233,56−17,33−14,22Limbic lobe; parahippocampal gyrus; white matter RNA26−20−15Limbic lobe; parahippocampal gyrus; white matter RNA2347−5,570,000Processing complex aspects of learning and memory
  329,23−79,8214,5Occipital lobe18 R29−7121Occipital lobe19 R2161−4,210,000Processing visual information
Manual versus baseline Right 4−22,8416,0722,1Frontal lobe; subsuperior frontal gyrus white matter LNA−254330Frontal lobe; superior frontal gyrus9 L29285−6,160,000Processing executive information
57,3745,4540,41Frontal lobe; medial frontal gyrus9 R55236Frontal lobe; medial frontal gyrus9 R1057−4,090,000Processing executive information
6−17,48−44,53−21,06Cerebellum anterior; lobe V LNA−16−41−21Cerebellum anterior; lobe V LNA3574−5,200,000Processing upper-limb motor information
7−25,33−87,285,79Occipital lobe, middle occipital gyrus17 L−28−866Occipital lobe, middle occipital gyrus17 L2314−4,020,000Processing visual information
8−36,44−1,44−29,22Temporal lobe; inferior temporal gyrus; white matter LNA−43−11−21Temporal lobe; inferior temporal gyrus; white matter LWhite matter L-temporal2547−4,370,000Processing auditory and language information
9−46,5−35,55−6,36Temporal lobe; inferior temporal gyrus; white matter LNA−25−44−6Temporal lobe; inferior temporal gyrus; white matter L37 L1103−4,160,000Multimodal integration, faces and object recognition
10−41,748,28−18,05Temporal lobe; inferior temporal gyrus; white matter L37 L−497−12Temporal lobe; inferior temporal gyrus; white matter L37 L2016−4,490,000Multimodal integration, faces and object recognition
11
−43
−51,96
−36,83
Cerebellum posterior; lobe crus I L
NA
−40
−44
−30
Cerebellum posterior; lobe crus I L
NA
1732
−5,49
0,000
Processing language and memory information
Left12,52−70,52−13,26Cerebellum posterior; lobe VI proximal RNA−7−983Occipital lobe, middle occipital gyrus17 R34619−5,360,000Processing upper-limb movement and visual information
233,083,74−28,17Temporal lobe; medial temporal gyrus38 R3219−33Temporal lobe; medial temporal gyrus38 R5782−6,050,000Processing emotional and memory information
34,6749,8738,23Frontal lobe 9 R204936Frontal lobe 9 R2230−4,700,000Processing cognitive and execution information
4−13,6843,685,96Frontal lobe; subsuperior frontal gyrus white matter LNA−16376Frontal lobe; subsuperior frontal gyrus white matter LNA5707−4,730,000Processing executive information
5−39,0544,118,74Frontal lobe9 L−404321Frontal lobe9 L1367−4,240,000Processing cognitive and execution information
Verbal versus manual Right 141,3−2,06−23,03Temporal lobe; inferior temporal gyrus; white matter RNA44−8−18Temporal lobe; inferior temporal gyrus; white matter RNA5003−5,890,000Processing auditory and language information
239,65−57,88−5,58Occipital lobe, inferior occipital gyrus RNA44−59−3Occipital lobe, inferior occipital gyrus RNA3409−4,700,000Processing visual information
330,17−27,48−7,28Limbic lobe; hippocampus gray matter RNA32−26−9Limbic lobe; hippocampus gray matter RNA1053−5,570,000Processing memory information
426,523,62−10,78Insula lobe RNA3213−6Insula lobe RNA1369−4,570,000Processing auditory somesthetic skeletomotor function
527,49−8,3820,28Frontal lobe; subprecentral gyrus white matter RNA23−1427Frontal lobe; subprecentral gyrus white matter RNA1260−4,010,000Processing motor information
68,8533,2314,28Frontal lobe; cingulate gyrus; white matter RNA14199Subcortical area; caudate nuclei RNA8392−4,570,000Processing motor information (planning)
7−33,915,07−7,05Insula lobe LNA−407−6Temporal lobe; superior temporal gyrus; white matter LNA1260−5,950,000Processing auditory somesthetic skeletomotor function
8
−33,58
−0,63
−30,26
Temporal lobe; inferior temporal gyrus; white matter L
White matter L-temporal
−28
4
−30
Temporal lobe; inferior temporal gyrus; white matter L
NA
2632
−5,14
0,000
Multimodal integration, faces and object recognition
Left 10,79−42,06−5,38Cerebellum anterior; lobe III RNA−7−20−21Pons LNA57558−6,530,000Processing upper-limb function
229,44−5,5525,09Frontal lobe; subprecentral gyrus white matter RNA26−533Frontal lobe; subprecentral gyrus white matter RNA2564−4,600,000Processing motor information
314,41−45,9721,39Occipital lobe R18 R14−5927Occipital lobe, precuneus R31 R1717−4,580,000Processing visual information
4−15,257,3922,01Frontal lobe; subsuperior frontal gyrus white matter LNA−166121Frontal lobe; subsuperior frontal gyrus white matter LNA1103−4,030,000Processing motor information
5−21,81−66,95−36,32Cerebellum posterior; lobe crus II/VIIb LNA−7−65−39Cerebellum posterior; lobe VIIIb LNA3873−4,730,000Processing somatosensory information
6−25,89−88,883,86Occipital lobe, middle occipital gyrus17 L−37−906Occipital lobe, middle occipital gyrus19 L1834−5,140,000Processing visual information
7−41,05−45,4−31,01Cerebellum anterior lobe crus I LNA−37−44−30Cerebellum anterior lobe crus I LNA1130−5,410,000Processing emotions
Manual versus verbal Right 158,72−15,026,52Temporal lobe; superior temporal gyrus42 R56−113Temporal lobe; superior temporal gyrus42 R3128−4,970,000Processing auditory information
2−44,06−24,2445,7Parietal lobe; precuneusS2-7 L−52−1739Parietal lobe; precuneusS2-7 L1875−4,520,000Processing somatosensory information
3
−59,67
−24,72
7,95
Temporal lobe
22 L
−61
−14
6
Temporal lobe
22 L
1485
−5,38
0,000
Language comprehension
Left159,51−16,474,16Temporal lobe; superior temporal gyrus42 R69−230Temporal lobe; superior temporal gyrus42 R2132−4,760,000Processing auditory information
Manual + verbal versus baseline Right 1−0,67−6,147,7Subcortical; thalamus LNA−25−89Subcortical; putamen LNA160427−6,250,000Processing motor information (planning)
237,06−61,71−35,41Cerebellum anterior lobe crus I RNA41−47−36Cerebellum anterior lobe crus I RNA2654−4,760,000Processing emotions
3
−39,41
−51,59
−34,95
Cerebellum anterior lobe crus I L
NA
−46
−44
−43
Cerebellum anterior lobe crus I L
NA
2849
−4,45
0,000
Processing emotions
Left 1−3,87−54,99−10,82Cerebellum anterior; lobe V LNA−40−4736Parietal lobe; supramarginal gyrus; white matter LNA125170−6,940,000Processing somatosensory information
218,02−42,0930,2Parietal lobe; subparietal gyrus; white matter RNA20−2624Parietal lobe; subparietal gyrus; white matter RNA3346−5,020,000Processing somatosensory information
3−20,5635,4717,79Frontal lobe; sub- middle frontal gyrus LNA−16316Frontal lobe; sub-middle frontal gyrus LNA14126−6,830,000Processing motor information (planning)
Talairach coordinates; BA: Brodmann area; R: right hemisphere; L: left hemisphere; S2: secondary somatosensory area.