Participation in Decision Making as a Property of Complex Adaptive Systems: Developing and Testing a Measure

Table 1

Study I: Single informant means, standard deviations, reliability coefficients, and convergent and discriminant validity coefficients.

Variable	M; (𝑁=197)	SD	Alpha; (𝑁=197)	Test-retest; (𝑁=113)	Pearson correlations; (𝑁=197)
					Convergent validity	Discriminant validity
					Global measure of PDM	Decentralization	Formalization
PDM—RN measures
Operations	4.97	2.32	0.93	0.64**	0.569**	−0.040	0.028
Marketing	3.83	2.45	0.93	0.47**	0.448**	0.034	−0.057
Core functions	6.72	2.33	0.93	0.52**	0.565**	0.110	−0.161*
Support functions	5.96	2.29	0.93	0.61**	0.512**	0.138	−0.162*
PDM—CNA measures
Operations	2.32	1.15	0.86	0.64**	0.268**	−0.076	0.080
Marketing	1.92	1.11	0.88	0.40**	0.267**	0.079	−0.117
Core functions	3.58	1.47	0.89	0.47**	0.405**	0.136	−0.088
Support functions	3.30	1.50	0.88	0.56**	0.286**	0.166*	−0.197**
Hage & Aiken Scales
RN global participation	3.62	1.09	0.87	—	—	—	—
CNA global participation	2.37	0.76	0.73	—	—	—	—
Decentralization	3.01	0.73	0.87	—	—	—	—
Formalization	3.14	0.34	0.67	—	—	—	—

Note. 𝑁=197. 𝑁=113 for test-retest correlation coefficient.
** 𝑃≤0.01.
* 𝑃≤0.05.