Changes in Transformational Leadership and Empirical Quality Outcomes in a Finnish Hospital over a Two-Year Period: A Longitudinal Study

Table 3

Transformational leadership, job satisfaction, and patient safety culture scores in 2008-2009 and 2010-2011. Scores range from 1 to 5, with 1 being the lowest and 5 being the highest. Differences between the two survey periods were considered significant if 𝑃 < 0.05.

	Year, 𝑛 mean (SD)	Year, 𝑛 mean (SD)	𝑃 value
Transformational leadership	2008 (𝑛=499)	2010 (𝑛=498)
Ethical leadership	3.52 (1.08)	3.63 (1.04)
Management of the nursing process	3.43 (0.87)	3.43 (0.88)
Giving feedback and rewarding	3.01 (1.04)	3.07 (1.00)
Support to professional development	3.72 (0.96)	3.78 (0.97)
Nursing director	3.01 (0.94)	2.99 (0.91)
Transformational leadership	3.34 (0.87)	3.39 (0.85)
Job satisfaction	2008 (𝑛=1176)	2010 (𝑛=779)
Leadership	3.75 (0.87)	3.86 (0.91)	0.001
Working environment	3.28 (0.88)	3.28 (0.95)
Sense of community	3.70 (0.74)	3.76 (0.80)	0.030
Requiring factors of the work	3.04 (0.78)	3.16 (0.76)	0.001
Participation in decision-making	3.34 (0.83)	3.44 (0.84)	0.007
Motivating factors of the work	4.23 (0.58)	4.27 (0.60)	0.032
Working welfare	4.14 (0.61)	4.19 (0.57)	0.007
Job satisfaction	3.64 (0.53)	3.71 (0.56)
Patient safety culture	2008 (𝑛=234)	2011 (𝑛=512)
Teamwork within units	3.71 (0.69)	3.69 (0.66)
Teamwork across units	3.53 (0.57)	3.29 (0.63)	<0.001
Communication openness	3.64 (0.61)	3.59 (0.58)
Handoffs and transitions	3.27 (0.60)	3.03 (0.65)	<0.001
Manager expectations and actions	3.69 (0.73)	3.68 (0.74)
Management support for patient safety	3.13 (0.79)	3.08 (0.77)
Staffing	3.19 (0.80)	3.16 (0.85)
Organizational learning-continuous	3.48 (0.61)	3.42 (0.58)
improvement
Overall perceptions of patient safety	3.08 (0.83)	3.14 (0.76)
Feedback and communication about error	3.14 (0.73)	3.15 (0.70)
Nonpunitive response to error	3.41 (0.73)	3.48 (0.71)
Frequency of events reported	3.12 (0.95)	3.26 (0.92)
Patient safety culture	3.38 (0.46)	3.33 (0.44)