Effects of Father-Neonate Skin-to-Skin Contact on Attachment: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Table 1

Comparative demographic variables, intervention, and control groups.

Variable	Overall; ()	Intervention ()	Control; ()
Age	34.42 ± 6.70	33.34 ± 5.29	35.48 ± 7.75		.146
Level of education					.153
≤High school	41 (49.4)	17 (41.5)	24 (57.1)
≥College	42 (50.6)	24 (58.5)	18 (42.9)
Occupation					.322
Unskilled	41 (49.4)	18 (43.9)	23 (54.8)
Skilled	42 (50.6)	23 (56.1)	19 (45.2)
Family monthly income (NT$)					.755
≤75000	52 (62.7)	25 (61.0)	27 (64.3)
>75000	31 (37.3)	16 (39.0)	15 (35.7)
Participation in prenatal education					.964
Yes	12 (14.5)	6 (14.6)	6 (14.3)
No	71 (85.5)	35 (85.4)	36 (85.7)
Time spent with infant during hospitalization (hours)
Postpartum day 1	9.73 ± 8.79	11.48 ± 8.71	8.02 ± 8.64	1.82	.073
Postpartum day 2	10.46 ± 8.62	11.64 ± 8.00	9.30 ± 9.13	1.24	.217
Postpartum day 3	8.20 ± 6.75	9.31 ± 6.19	7.13 ± 7.16	1.49	.141
Infant feeding method				2.65	.266
Breast milk only	32 (38.6)	19 (46.3)	13 (31.0)
Breast milk + formula	27 (32.5)	13 (31.7)	14 (33.3)
Formula only	24 (28.9)	9 (22.0)	15 (35.7)
Parity				1.52	.218
Nullipara	47 (56.6)	26 (63.4)	21 (50.0)
Multipara	36 (43.4)	15 (36.6)	21 (50.0)
Baby gender				0.01	.923
Male	47 (56.6)	23 (56.1)	24 (57.1)
Female	36 (43.4)	18 (43.9)	18 (42.9)
Weight (grams)	3075.75 ± 399.88	3114.73 ± 413.23	3037.69 ± 387.58	0.88	.383
Delivery type				0.12	.729
Vaginal	36 (43.4)	17 (41.5)	19 (45.2)
Cesarean	47 (56.6)	24 (58.5)	23 (54.8)
Initial mother-neonate SSC				3.31	.069
Yes	57 (68.7)	32 (78.0)	25 (59.5)
No	26 (31.3)	9 (22.0)	17 (40.5)
SSC during hospital stay (minutes)
First day	—	23.85 ± 12.93	0	—
Second day	—	24.02 ± 12.51	0	—
Third day	—	21.80 ± 7.93	0	—

Note: t-test; Pearson chi-square; Linear-by-linear association; SSC: skin-to-skin contact.