Abstract
Viscometry is a valid and practical approach for monitoring the degradation of polymers in solution. In this work, at constant power and pulse, the effects of different operating parameters such as time of irradiation, temperature, solution concentration, volume, solvent, and immersion depth of horn on the rate of degradation have been investigated in aqueous solution using laboratory scale operation. A method of viscometry was used to study the degradation behavior of aqueous dispersions of microgels. The experimental results show that the viscosity of polymer solution decreased with an increase in the ultrasonic irradiation time and approached a limiting value. The present work has enabled us to understand the role of the different operating parameters in deciding the extent of viscosity reduction in aqueous dispersions of microgels and also the controlling effects of them.
1. Introduction
Hydrogels, both natural and synthetic, are used in a myriad of applications, particularly as medical devices, including therapeutic contact lenses, wound dressings, injectable drug-delivery vehicles, and tissue-regeneration scaffolds. Biomaterials need to be removed from the body once they complete their roles in the body, and degradable materials could be ideal for this purpose [1–5]. In addition, drug molecules may be covalently bound to nondegradable polymer networks with a degradable linkage. As such, the rate of release for these gels is dependent on the cleavage kinetics of the drug-network linkage. Shortening of the polymer chains can be achieved by various methods such as thermal, photo, and catalytic degradation [6–8]. The methods like UV [9–13], gamma radiation [13, 14], and microwave [14, 15] are also important. Ultrasound, photo, and chemical methods require less energy for polymer degradation. Further, interaction between them and the polymeric systems can help find the degradation pathways or mechanisms [8–10, 16–18].
Many scientists have investigated the ultrasound degradation of polymers [7, 10, 12–14]. The effects of various parameters like ultrasound pulse and intensity [12, 17–20], frequency [20, 21], temperature [17, 22–24], vapor pressure, volume [19, 23, 24], solvent [17, 22], dissolved gases [21], molecular weight [25, 26], and polymer concentration [12, 19, 20] on the ultrasonic degradation of macromolecules have been studied. The ultrasonic degradation of low density polyethylene at different concentrations, volumes, and temperatures has been studied. The results showed that the extent of degradation decreased with an increase in reaction volume and concentration. Also, it has been observed that the rate of degradation increases as the concentration of polymer solution is decreases. Since at high concentrations, entanglements influence the energy transfer processes between solvent and polymer and appear to reduce the probability of degradation. The degradation of aqueous polyvinyl alcohol at 25°C has been investigated, and results showed that the degradation rate of PVA solution increases with decreasing of solution concentration. The increase in rate constant is attributed to the fact that at lower concentration and volume, the intensity of cavitation phenomenon is increased, and the extent of chain breaking increases.
Acrylic acid (AA) and acrylamide (AAm) are two water-soluble important monomers in industry that the research work on their polymers and gels, and some other hydrogels in solution mainly focused on the following categories.(i)Synthesis and gelation, without ultrasound [3] and in the presence of ultrasound;(ii)degradation, without ultrasound [4] and in the presence of ultrasound [10, 12, 13, 17, 27]; (iii)swelling and degradation, without ultrasound and in the presence of ultrasound [11].
In our previous work, we investigated the effects of sonication parameters and showed that the rate of degradation increases with increasing ultrasonic power and pulse. The present work investigates and optimizes different operating parameters on the hydrogels ultrasonic degradation using laboratory scale. The extent of degradation has been quantified in terms of the change in the intrinsic viscosity of the solution, which is a simple method for monitoring the rate of degradation of these systems. The purpose of this study is to present the effect of temperature, concentration, volume, solvent, depth of the horn, and some other parameters on degradation of these hydrogels in water. The ultrasonic process has been confirmed to be applicable for many kinds of hydrogels and gels.
2. Experiments
2.1. Materials, Hydrogel Formation, and Swelling Measurements
The monomer, acrylic acid (AA, Merck), was used after vacuum distillation. Acrylamide (AAm), ammonium persulfate (APs), and methylene bisacrylamide (MBAAm) were of laboratory reagent grade and were obtained from Fluka. All solutions were prepared using distilled and deionized water. The hydrogel was prepared according to our earlier works in optimum conditions [25]. After grinding, the powdered superabsorbent hydrogel was stored away from moisture, heat, and light. The equilibrium swelling was calculated using the following equation (1) [9]: where and are the weights of the swollen gel and the dry sample, respectively. So, absorbency was calculated as grams of water per gram of dry hydrogel (g/g).
2.2. Hydrogel Degradation and Viscosity Measurements
The reaction was carried out in a 20-mL stainless steel cylinder, and distilled water was used as solvent. 12-mL hydrogel sample (containing 0.1 g gel) was taken each time, and the cylinder was held in a constant temperature (25°C) circulator water bath (±0.1°C). Ultrasound was coupled directly to the reaction system by a horn type homogenizer (Sonopuls HD 2070, Bandelin) with HF power of 70 W and frequency of 20 KHz. The diameter of the horn tip was 2 mm. The probe was immersed 20 mm below the liquid surface (center of the solution). The cylinder was put in a sound proof box with clear acrylic glass door. Periodically, samples of sonicated solutions were removed for viscosity measurements using a rotational viscometer (DV-II + Pro RV, Brookfield). The viscometer had a small sample adapter with a cylindrical spindle type (number 62) and was rotated at 100 rpm. The result was a direct reading of the viscosity value in cP between 0 and 2300. Experiments have been repeated at least twice to check the reproducibility of the obtained data for the variation of viscosity against time for all cases.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Variation of Viscosity and the Swelling of Hydrogel with Sonication Time
The ultrasonic degradation is a fluid mechanical process; thus, viscosity of the solvent plays an important role in determining the degradation rate. The effect of sonication time on the intrinsic viscosity of the aqueous dispersions of microgels has been investigated at 12-mL reaction volume, depth of horn as 2 cm, and operating temperature at 25°C. Figure 1 shows the effect of sonication time on the viscosity and swelling of hydrogel sample. It can be seen from the figure that with the use of sonication, viscosity decreased significantly for the hydrogel. Below the limiting viscosity, the polymer chain was so short that it followed ultrasonic vibrations flexibly, and cleavage at the center of the molecule did not take place anymore [19–21]. The best compromise between the duration of sonication and the reduction of the molar mass is found after 12 min.
According to the Figure 1, the swelling is decreased by passing the time from 0 up to 8 min smoothly. The maximum absorbency (152 g/g) is in beginning. Similar variations were observed in degradation behavior of dextran hydrogels composed of positively and negatively charged microspheres [28].
3.2. Effect of Temperature on the Rate of Degradation
The effect of temperature on the degradation of hydrogel was studied; the variation of with sonication time at different temperatures is illustrated in Figure 2. The results indicate that the cavitation effects at lower temperature were more effective than the mechanical effects at higher temperature in the viscosity depression of hydrogel solutions. At higher temperature, clearly the vapor pressure will be higher and so the vapor will enter the cavitation bubble, which leads to the cushioning effect [19, 22]. The increased viscosity of the solvent at lower temperatures increases rapid transmission of shock waves and favors the defragmentation of polymer chain at low strain rates [22].
3.3. Effect of Concentration of Hydrogel
Effect of concentration was investigated at a constant reaction volume of 12 mL for different concentrations of C, 3C/4, C/2, and C/4, respectively, and the obtained results have been given in Figure 3. Under the same conditions, the decrease in of the sample with a high concentration is more than of the sample with a low concentration. These results indicate that the extent of degradation is more pronounced in more concentrated solutions. An increase in viscosity with concentration results in the molecules becomes more mobile in solution, and the velocity gradients around the collapsing bubbles therefore become larger, resulting in more extents of viscosity reduction. Indeed there are more molecules to be degraded when the concentration is higher and that is why the degradation is faster.
3.4. Effect of Volume on the Rate of Degradation
The observed dependence of the efficiency of ultrasonic depolymerization on the volume of the sonicated sample can be explained by the fact that the most efficient depolymerization occurs in the proximity of the inserted probe, since the energy of the ultrasonic waves decreases with increasing distance from the probe. Therefore, the best yields of ultrasonication were obtained for the equipment used in the small volumes of solution. Indeed with an increase in the operating volume, the nonuniformity of the cavitational activity increases (more dead zones where the cavitational activity is minimal) resulting into detrimental effects. Figure 4 shows the effect of reaction volume on the limiting viscosity of hydrogel solution when it is subjected to ultrasonic degradation. It shows that the limiting viscosities for hydrogel solution at 12, 14, and 16 mL reaction volume is nearly equal, but for 16 mL sample has a delay.
3.5. Effect of Solvent on the Rate of Degradation
The effect of solvent on the ultrasonic degradation was studied by investigating the degradation of hydrogel at 30°C using different ethanol/water ratio as solvent, and Figure 5 depicts the results. The variation in rate coefficient for different solvents is mainly attributed to their cavitation capacity which governs the intensity of shock waves radiated from the collapsing cavity. The degradation rate in a particular solvent mainly depends upon the properties of solvent like vapor pressure and kinematic viscosity which primarily affect the cavitation capacity of the solvent. It was observed that the rate is maximum for pure water (ETOH 0%).
3.6. Effect of Depth of Horn on the Rate of Degradation
The extent of mixing in the reactor is dependent on the immersion depth of the horn tip. The observed results can be attributed to the fact that flow pattern of liquid in terms of direct circulation currents generated due to the acoustic streaming and reflections from the bottom of the reactor depends on the distance of horn tip immersed in the solution. Figure 6 shows the effect of depth of horn on the viscosity reduction for samples of hydrogel at constant volume of 12 mL. It has been observed that, during the initial stages of operation, the extent of viscosity reduction is higher for the operation with depth as 3 and 4 cm. However, the final extent of reduction in intrinsic viscosity is marginally higher at a depth of 3 cm. The least effect is related to 1 cm depth.
4. Conclusions
Viscometry is a valid and practical approach for monitoring the degradation of polymers in solution. The present research shows that the power ultrasound can marginally reduce the viscosity of the hydrogel solutions below 10 mPa s after 20 min at 25°C. A commercially important hydrogel based on acrylic acid and acrylamide was investigated, and the ultrasonic process can be developed to other kinds of hydrogels. The effect of solvent and temperature on the ultrasonic degradation of hydrogel was studied, and it was mainly attributed to vapor pressure of the solvent, and the variations of the rate with temperature, vapor pressure, and kinematic viscosity were analyzed. The effect of vapor pressure on the ultrasonic degradation is very high compared to viscosity.
Acknowledgment
The authors would like to thank the Islamic Azad University for providing financial support for this work.