Journal Menu
- About this Journal
- Abstracting and Indexing
- Aims and Scope
- Article Processing Charges
- Articles in Press
- Author Guidelines
- Bibliographic Information
- Citations to this Journal
- Contact Information
- Editorial Board
- Editorial Workflow
- Free eTOC Alerts
- Publication Ethics
- Reviewers Acknowledgment
- Submit a Manuscript
- Subscription Information
- Table of Contents
Obstetrics and Gynecology International
Volume 2011 (2011), Article ID 470795, 13 pages
doi:10.1155/2011/470795
Review Article
Uterine Carcinosarcomas (Malignant Mixed Müllerian Tumours): A Review with Special Emphasis on the Controversies in Management
1Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0W8, Canada
2Room 2868 G-Wing, Royal University Hospital, 103 Hospital Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0W8, Canada
Received 20 July 2011; Accepted 2 August 2011
Academic Editor: Thomas Herzog
Copyright © 2011 Rani Kanthan and Jenna-Lynn Senger. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Linked References
- A. L. N'Kanza, S. Jobanputra, P. Farmer, J. Lovecchio, J. A. Yelon, and U. Rudloff, “Central nervous system involvement from malignant mixed Mullerian tumor (MMMT) of the uterus,” Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics, vol. 273, no. 1, pp. 63–68, 2005. View at Scopus
- T. Banik, D. Halder, N. Gupta, and P. Dey, “Malignant mixed Mullerian tumor of the uterus: diagnosis of a case by fine-needle aspiration cytology and review of literature,” Diagnostic Cytopathology. In press. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- A. Ahuja, R. Safaya, G. Prakash, L. Kumar, and N. K. Shukla, “Primary mixed mullerian tumor of the vagina—a case report with review of the literature,” Pathology Research and Practice, vol. 207, no. 4, pp. 253–255, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- N. K. Sharma, J. I. Sorosky, D. Bender, M. S. Fletcher, and A. K. Sood, “Malignant mixed mullerian tumor (MMMT) of the cervix,” Gynecologic Oncology, vol. 97, no. 2, pp. 442–445, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- B. B. Duman, I. O. Kara, M. Gunaldi, and V. Ercolak, “Malignant mixed Mullerian tumor of the ovary with two cases and review of the literature,” Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics, vol. 283, no. 6, pp. 1363–1368, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- Y. M. Shen, Y. P. Xie, L. Xu et al., “Malignant mixed mullerian tumor of the fallopian tube: report of two cases and review of literature,” Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics, vol. 281, no. 6, pp. 1023–1028, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- S. A. El-Nashar and A. Mariani, “Uterine carcinosarcoma,” Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 292–304, 2011.
- N. Bansal, T. J. Herzog, V. E. Seshan, et al., “Uterine carcinosarcomas and grade 3 endometrioid cancers: evidence for distinct tumor behavior,” Obstetrics and Gynecology, vol. 112, no. 1, pp. 64–70, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- D. C. Clayton Smith, O. Kenneth Macdonald, and D. K. Gaffney, “The impact of adjuvant radiation therapy on survival in women with uterine carcinosarcoma,” Radiotherapy and Oncology, vol. 88, no. 2, pp. 227–232, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- G. Garg, M. Kruger, C. Christensen, G. Deppe, and E. P. Toy, “Stage III uterine carcinosarcoma: 2009 international federation of gynecology and obstetrics staging system and prognostic determinants,” International Journal of Gynecological Cancer. In press.
- G. Garg, J. P. Shah, S. Kumar, C. S. Bryant, A. Munkarah, and R. T. Morris, “Ovarian and uterine carcinosarcomas: a comparative analysis of prognostic variables and survival outcomes,” International Journal of Gynecological Cancer, vol. 20, no. 5, pp. 888–894, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- D. Nemani, N. Mitra, M. Guo, and L. Lin, “Assessing the effects of lymphadenectomy and radiation therapy in patients with uterine carcinosarcoma: a SEER analysis,” Gynecologic Oncology, vol. 111, no. 1, pp. 82–88, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- J. D. Wright, V. E. Seshan, M. Shah et al., “The role of radiation in improving survival for early-stage carcinosarcoma and leiomyosarcoma,” American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, vol. 199, no. 5, pp. 536.e1–536.e8, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- J. S. Bosquet, S. A. Terstriep, W. A. Cliby et al., “The impact of multi-modal therapy on survival for uterine carcinosarcomas,” Gynecologic Oncology, vol. 116, no. 3, pp. 419–423, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- Y. O. Tanaka, H. Tsunoda, R. Minami, H. Yoshikawa, and M. Minami, “Carcinosarcoma of the uterus: MR findings,” Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 434–439, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- L. E. Kernochan and R. L. Garcia, “Carcinosarcomas (malignant mixed mullerian tumor) of the uterus: advances in elucidation of biologic and clinical characteristics,” Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network, vol. 7, no. 5, pp. 550–557, 2009. View at Scopus
- L. M. Ramondetta, T. W. Burke, A. Jhingran et al., “A phase II trial of cisplatin, ifosfamide, and mesna in patients with advanced or recurrent uterine malignant mixed müllerian tumors with evaluation of potential molecular targets,” Gynecologic Oncology, vol. 90, no. 3, pp. 529–536, 2003. View at Scopus
- G. Sutton, J. Kauderer, L. F. Carson, S. S. Lentz, C. W. Whitney, and H. Gallion, “Adjuvant ifosfamide and cisplatin in patients with completely resected stage I or II carcinosarcomas (mixed mesodermal tumors) of the uterus: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study,” Gynecologic Oncology, vol. 96, no. 3, pp. 630–634, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- R. A. de Jong, H. W. Nijman, T. F. Wijbrandi, A. K. Reyners, H. M. Boezen, and H. Hollema, “Molecular markers and clinical behavior of uterine carcinosarcomas: focus on the epithelial tumor component,” Modern Pathology. In press. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- P. Arora, S. Rao, N. Khurana, D. Talwar, and R. Tanwar, “Malignant mixed Mullerian tumor of broad ligament with synchronous ovarian and endometrial carcinoma: a rare association,” Journal of Cancer Research and Therapeutics, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 88–91, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- I. Kloos, S. Delaloge, P. Pautier et al., “Tamoxifen-related uterine carcinosarcomas occur under/after prolonged treatment: report of five cases and review of the literature,” International Journal of Gynecological Cancer, vol. 12, no. 5, pp. 496–500, 2002. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- Z. Jin, S. Ogata, G. Tamura et al., “Carcinosarcomas (malignant mullerian mixed tumors) of the uterus and ovary: a genetic study with special reference to histogenesis,” International Journal of Gynecological Pathology, vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 368–373, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- U. Kuyumcuoǧlu and A. Kale, “Homologous type of malignant mixed Mullerian tumor of the uterus presenting as a cervical mass,” Journal of the Chinese Medical Association, vol. 72, no. 10, pp. 533–535, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- N. Buza and F. A. Tavassoli, “Comparative analysis of P16 and P53 expression in uterine malignant mixed mullerian tumors,” International Journal of Gynecological Pathology, vol. 28, no. 6, pp. 514–521, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- W. G. McCluggage, “Uterine carcinosarcomas (malignant mixed Mullerian tumors) are metaplastic carcinomas,” International Journal of Gynecological Cancer, vol. 12, no. 6, pp. 687–690, 2002. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- R. F. Meredith, D. R. Eisert, Z. Kaka, S. E. Hodgson, G. A. Johnston Jr., and J. G. Boutselis, “An excess of uterine sarcomas after pelvic irradiation,” Cancer, vol. 58, no. 9, pp. 2003–2007, 1986.
- L. L. Doss, A. S. Llorens, and E. M. Henriquez, “Carcinosarcoma of the uterus: a 40-year experience from the state of Missouri,” Gynecologic Oncology, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 43–53, 1984. View at Scopus
- M. Callister, L. M. Ramondetta, A. Jhingran, T. W. Burke, and P. J. Eifel, “Malignant mixed mullerian tumors of the uterus: analysis of patterns of failure, prognostic factors, and treatment outcome,” International Journal of Radiation Oncology Biology Physics, vol. 58, no. 3, pp. 786–796, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- M. Niculescu, C. Simionescu, L. Novac, L. Mogoanta, and R. M. Stanescu, “The uterine carcinosarcoma—a case report,” Romanian Journal of Morphology and Embryology, vol. 48, no. 4, pp. 431–435, 2007.
- P. Inthasorn, J. Carter, S. Valmadre, P. Beale, P. Russell, and C. Dalrymple, “Analysis of clinicopathologic factors in malignant mixed Mullerian tumors of the uterine corpus,” International Journal of Gynecological Cancer, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 348–353, 2002. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- K. C. Ho, C. H. Lai, T. I. Wu et al., “18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in uterine carcinosarcoma,” European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 484–492, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- G. S. Huang, L. G. Chiu, J. S. Gebb et al., “Serum CA125 predicts extrauterine disease and survival in uterine carcinosarcoma,” Gynecologic Oncology, vol. 107, no. 3, pp. 513–517, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- K. Kajo, P. Zubor, J. Spacek, and A. Ryska, “Carcinosarcoma of the uterus with melanocytic differentiation,” Pathology Research and Practice, vol. 203, no. 10, pp. 753–758, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- S. M. Temkin, M. Hellmann, Y. C. Lee, and O. Abulafia, “Early-stage carcinosarcoma of the uterus: the significance of lymph node count,” International Journal of Gynecological Cancer, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 215–219, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- T. Ohguri, T. Aoki, H. Watanabe et al., “MRI findings including gadolinium-enhanced dynamic studies of malignant, mixed mesodermal tumors of the uterus: differentiation from endometrial carcinomas,” European Radiology, vol. 12, no. 11, pp. 2737–2742, 2002. View at Scopus
- A. V. Genever and S. Abdi, “Can MRI predict the diagnosis of endometrial carcinosarcoma?” Clinical Radiology, vol. 66, no. 7, pp. 621–624, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- L. Brown, “Pathology of uterine malignancies,” Clinical Oncology, vol. 20, no. 6, pp. 433–447, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- R. Kanthan, J. L. B. Senger, and D. Diudea, “Malignant mixed Mullerian tumors of the uterus: histopathological evaluation of cell cycle and apoptotic regulatory proteins,” World Journal of Surgical Oncology, vol. 8, article 60, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- C. A. Livasy, F. C. Reading, D. T. Moore, J. F. Boggess, and R. A. Lininger, “EGFR expression and HER2/neu overexpression/amplification in endometrial carcinosarcoma,” Gynecologic Oncology, vol. 100, no. 1, pp. 101–106, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- M. R. Raspollini, T. Susini, G. Amunni et al., “COX-2, c-KIT and HER-2/neu expression in uterine carcinosarcomas: prognostic factors or potential markers for targeted therapies?” Gynecologic Oncology, vol. 96, no. 1, pp. 159–167, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- M. Sawada, H. Tsuda, M. Kimura et al., “Different expression patterns of KIT, EGFR, and HER-2 (c-erbB-2) oncoproteins between epithelial and mesenchymal components in uterine carcinosarcoma,” Cancer Science, vol. 94, no. 11, pp. 986–991, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- E. M. Swisher, A. M. Gown, M. Skelly et al., “The expression of epidermal growth factor receptor, HER-2/Neu, p53, and Ki-67 antigen in uterine malignant mixed mesodermal tumors and adenosarcoma,” Gynecologic Oncology, vol. 60, no. 1, pp. 81–88, 1996. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- J. L. Worthington, D. M. Balfe, J. K. Lee, et al., “Uterine neoplasms: MR imaging,” Radiology, vol. 159, no. 3, pp. 725–730, 1986.
- L. G. Shapeero and H. Hricak, “Mixed mullerian sarcoma of the uterus: MR imaging findings,” American Journal of Roentgenology, vol. 153, no. 2, pp. 317–319, 1989. View at Scopus
- N. Bharwani, A. Newland, N. Tunariu et al., “MRI appearances of uterine malignant mixed mullerian tumors,” American Journal of Roentgenology, vol. 195, no. 5, pp. 1268–1275, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- T. Smith, L. Moy, and C. Runowicz, “Mullerian mixed tumors: CT characteristics with clinical and pathologic observations,” American Journal of Roentgenology, vol. 169, no. 2, pp. 531–535, 1997. View at Scopus
- S. Y. Teo, K. T. Babagbemi, H. E. Peters, and K. J. Mortele, “Primary malignant mixed Mullerian tumor of the uterus: findings on sonography, CT, and gadolinium-enhanced MRI,” American Journal of Roentgenology, vol. 191, no. 1, pp. 278–283, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- N. Umesaki, T. Tanaka, M. Miyama, S. Ogita, and H. Ochi, “Combined diagnostic imaging of uterine carcinosarcoma: a case report,” International Journal of Gynecological Cancer, vol. 10, no. 5, pp. 425–428, 2000. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- N. Umesaki, T. Tanaka, M. Miyama et al., “Positron emission tomography with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose of uterine sarcoma: a comparison with magnetic resonance imaging and power Doppler imaging,” Gynecologic Oncology, vol. 80, no. 3, pp. 372–377, 2001. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- M. Murakami, H. Tsukada, M. Shida et al., “Whole-body positron emission tomography with F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose for the detection of recurrence in uterine sarcomas,” International Journal of Gynecological Cancer, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 854–860, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- M. Markman, “Chemotherapeutic management of recurrent/metastatic uterine carcinosarcomas (malignant mixed mullerian tumors): time for a re-appraisal?” Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology, vol. 130, no. 11, pp. 645–648, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- R. A. Lacour, E. Euscher, E. N. Atkinson, et al., “A phase II trial of paclitaxel and carboplatin in women with advanced or recurrent uterine carcinosarcoma,” International Journal of Gynecological Cancer, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 517–522, 2011.
- L. J. Ulbricht, M. Kunert, B. Gremmler, N. Evagelopoulos, A. Krian, and J. Moege, “Intracardiac metastasis of a Malignant Mixed Mullerian Tumor (MMMT): progressive dyspnoea due to obstruction of the left atrium and the left ventricle without left ventricular dysfunction or primary lung disease,” Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift, vol. 159, no. 13-14, pp. 355–358, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- J. Menczer, T. Levy, B. Piura et al., “A comparison between different postoperative treatment modalities of uterine carcinosarcoma,” Gynecologic Oncology, vol. 97, no. 1, pp. 166–170, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- G. Vorgias and S. Fotiou, “The role of lymphadenectomy in uterine carcinosarcomas (malignant mixed mullerian tumours): a critical literature review,” Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics, vol. 282, no. 6, pp. 659–664, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- M. Ozguroglu, A. Bilici, S. Ilvan et al., “Determining predominating histologic component in malignant mixed mullerian tumors: is it worth it?” International Journal of Gynecological Cancer, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 809–812, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- K. E. Dusenbery, R. A. Potish, P. A. Argenta, and P. L. Judson, “On the apparent failure of adjuvant pelvic radiotherapy to improve survival for women with uterine sarcomas confined to the uterus,” American Journal of Clinical Oncology, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 295–300, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- E. Sartori, L. Bazzurini, A. Gadducci et al., “Carcinosarcoma of the uterus: a clinicopathological multicenter CTF study,” Gynecologic Oncology, vol. 67, no. 1, pp. 70–75, 1997. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- A. H. Wolfson, M. F. Brady, T. Rocereto et al., “A gynecologic oncology group randomized phase III trial of whole abdominal irradiation (WAI) vs. cisplatin-ifosfamide and mesna (CIM) as post-surgical therapy in stage I-IV carcinosarcoma (CS) of the uterus,” Gynecologic Oncology, vol. 107, no. 2, pp. 177–185, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- P. J. Hoskins, N. Le, S. Ellard et al., “Carboplatin plus paclitaxel for advanced or recurrent uterine malignant mixed mullerian tumors. The British Columbia Cancer Agency experience,” Gynecologic Oncology, vol. 108, no. 1, pp. 58–62, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- P. G. Rose, M. S. Piver, Y. Tsukada, and T. Lau, “Patterns of metastasis in uterine sarcoma. An autopsy study,” Cancer, vol. 63, no. 5, pp. 935–938, 1989. View at Scopus
- M. A. Powell, V. L. Filiaci, P. G. Rose et al., “Phase II evaluation of paclitaxel and carboplatin in the treatment of carcinosarcoma of the uterus: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study,” Journal of Clinical Oncology, vol. 28, no. 16, pp. 2727–2731, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- D. S. Miller, J. A. Blessing, J. Schilder, A. Munkarah, and Y. C. Lee, “Phase II evaluation of topotecan in carcinosarcoma of the uterus: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study,” Gynecologic Oncology, vol. 98, no. 2, pp. 217–221, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- H. S. Nimeiri, A. M. Oza, R. J. Morgan et al., “A phase II study of sorafenib in advanced uterine carcinoma/carcinosarcoma: a trial of the Chicago, PMH, and California Phase II Consortia,” Gynecologic Oncology, vol. 117, no. 1, pp. 37–40, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- W. K. Huh, M. W. Sill, K. M. Darcy et al., “Efficacy and safety of imatinib mesylate (Gleevec) and immunohistochemical expression of c-Kit and PDGFR-β in a Gynecologic Oncology Group Phase Il Trial in women with recurrent or persistent carcinosarcomas of the uterus,” Gynecologic Oncology, vol. 117, no. 2, pp. 248–254, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- D. R. Crotzer, J. K. Wolf, J. B. Gano, D. M. Gershenson, and C. Levenback, “A pilot study of cisplatin, ifosfamide and mesna in the treatment of malignant mixed mesodermal tumors of the ovary,” Gynecologic Oncology, vol. 105, no. 2, pp. 399–403, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- G. Sutton, V. L. Brunetto, L. Kilgore et al., “A phase III trial of ifosfamide with or without cisplatin in carcinosarcoma of the uterus: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study,” Gynecologic Oncology, vol. 79, no. 2, pp. 147–153, 2000. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- H. D. Homesley, V. Filiaci, M. Markman et al., “Phase III trial of ifosfamide with or without paclitaxel in advanced uterine carcinosarcoma: a gynecologic oncology group study,” Journal of Clinical Oncology, vol. 25, no. 5, pp. 526–531, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- B. E. Miller, J. A. Blessing, F. B. Stehman et al., “A phase II evaluation of weekly gemcitabine and docetaxel for second-line treatment of recurrent carcinosarcoma of the uterus: a gynecologic oncology group study,” Gynecologic Oncology, vol. 118, no. 2, pp. 139–144, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- A. E. Bland, R. Stone, C. Heuser et al., “A clinical and biological comparison between malignant mixed mullerian tumors and grade 3 endometrioid endometrial carcinomas,” International Journal of Gynecological Cancer, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 261–265, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- B. Robinson-Bennett, R. Z. Belch, and A. C. Han, “Loss of p16 in recurrent malignant mixed mullerian tumors of the uterus,” International Journal of Gynecological Cancer, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 1354–1357, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- A. P. Vaidya, N. S. Horowitz, E. Oliva, E. F. Halpern, and L. R. Duska, “Uterine malignant mixed mullerian tumors should not be included in studies of endometrial carcinoma,” Gynecologic Oncology, vol. 103, no. 2, pp. 684–687, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- K. K. Magnani, S. Dubey, and S. Rai, “Malignant mixed Müllerian tumor of the uterus associated with tamoxifen therapy for breast cancer,” Indian Journal of Pathology and Microbiology, vol. 53, no. 4, pp. 886–887, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- S. E. Ferguson, C. Tornos, A. Hummer, R. R. Barakat, and R. A. Soslow, “Prognostic features of surgical stage I uterine carcinosarcoma,” American Journal of Surgical Pathology, vol. 31, no. 11, pp. 1653–1661, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus