Author, year Method study quality Population total
(cut) Country/origin Age FGM/C characteristics Outcomes (self-report or clinical verification) Adinma 1997 [28 ] Low
(124)Nigeria 16–40 Type: 22% TI, 78% TII (gyn exam) Age cut/by: 97% in childhood/not stated Episiotomy (self-report) Berardi et al. 1985 [29 ] Low
(71)France Not stated Type: 100% TII (gyn exam) Age cut/by: not stated Tears; cesarean section; episiotomy (clinical) Bohoussou et al. 1986 [30 ] Low
(1099) Ivory Coast Not stated Type: 29% TI, 73% TII (gyn exam) Age cut/by: not stated Prolonged labor; tears; cesarean section; episiotomy; instrumental delivery (not stated) Browning et al. 2010 [31 ] High
(255) Ethiopia Mean 28.5 Type: 100% TI and TII (gyn exam) Age cut/by: not stated Prolonged labor (clinical) Chibber et al. 2011 [32 ] Low
(1842)Not stated Not stated Type: “type I to III most common” (gyn exam) Age cut/by: not stated Prolonged labor; cesarean section; hemorrhage (clinical) De Silva 1989 [33 ] Low
(167)Saudi Arabia Not stated Type: 9% TI, 34% TII, 32% TIII (gyn exam) Age cut/by: not stated Prolonged labor; tears; cesarean section; episiotomy; instrumental delivery; hemorrhage (clinical) Diop et al. 1998 [34 ] Low
(4359) Mali Mean 27.0 Type: 21% TI, 73% TII, 6% TIII (gyn exam) Age cut/by: not stated Tears; episiotomy; hemorrhage (clinical) Elnashar and Abdelhady 2007 [35 ] Low
(200)Egypt Not stated Type: “circumcised” (self-report) Age cut/by: not stated Tears; cesarean section; episiotomy (self-report) Essén et al. 2005 [36 ] Moderate
(68)Sweden Not stated Type: most TIII (gyn exam) Age cut/by: not stated Prolonged labor (clinical) Hakim 2001 [14 ] Low
(1225)Ethiopia Mean 25.9 Type: 12% TI, 85% TII, 3% TIII (not stated) Age cut/by: not stated Prolonged labor; tears; episiotomy; hemorrhage (clinical) Johnson 2005 [37 ] Low
(579) USA Most 20–34 Type: most likely type III (assumed, unverified). Age cut/by: not stated Tears; cesarean section; instrumental delivery; hemorrhage (clinical) Jones et al. 1999 [15 ]b Low
(1787)Burkina Faso Mean 26.6 Type: 56% TI, 39% TII, 5% TIII (gyn exam) Age cut/by median 9.5 yrs/not stated Difficult labor (self-report) Jones et al. 1999 [15 ]b Moderate
(5017) Mali Mean 25.0 Type: 21% TI, 74% TII, 5% TIII (gyn exam) Age cut/by: not stated Difficult labor (clinical) Larsen and Okonofua 2002 [16 ] Low
(1009) Nigeria 15–49 Type: 71% TI, 25% TII, 3% TIII, 1% TIV (gyn exam). Age cut/by: not stated Prolonged labor; tears; cesarean section; episiotomy (self-report) Lupo and Marcotte 1999 [38 ] Low
(38) USA Not stated Type: “female circumcision” (not stated) Age cut/by: not stated Tears (not stated) Millogo-Traore et al. 2007 [39 ] Low
(227) Burkina Faso Median 25 Type: 28% TI, 69% TII, 3% TIII (gyn exam) Age cut/by: not stated Prolonged labor; tears; episiotomy; instrumental delivery (clinical) National Statistics Office 1995 [40 ] Low
a Eritrea 15–49 Type: 62% TI, 4% TII, 34% TIII (self-report) Age cut/by: 60% ≤5 yrs/91% tc Problems during delivery (self-report) NSEO 2003 [41 ] Low
a Eritrea 15–49 Type: 4% TI-II, 39% TIII, 46% TIV (self-report) Age cut/by: 62% ≤1 yr/84% tc Problems during delivery (self-report) Ndlaye et al. 2010 [42 ] Low
(210)Burkina Faso Mean 24.0 Type: 47% TI, 47% TII, 6% TIII (gyn exam) Age cut/by: not stated Tears; cesarean section; episiotomy; hemorrhage (clinical) Oduro et al. 2006 [43 ] High
(1466)Ghana Mean 25.8 Type: “type II is the commonest form” (gyn exam). Age cut/by: not stated Cesarean section (clinical) Orji and Babalola 2006 [17 ] Low
(423)Nigeria Mean 27.5 Type: 87% TI, 13% TII (gyn exam) Age cut/by: 95% cut in childhood/80% tc, 14% hcp Cesarean section; episiotomy (self-report) Slanger et al. 2002 [44 ] Moderate
(621)Nigeria Mean 33.7 Type: 72% TI, 24% TII, 4% TIII + IV (gyn exam), Age cut/by: 95% cut in childhood/80% tc, 14% hcp Tears; cesarean section; episiotomy; instrumental delivery; hemorrhage; fever (self-report) Small et al. 2008 [45 ] Low
(10431)Multiplec Most 20–34 Type: most likely type III (assumed, unverified). Age cut/by: not stated Cesarean section; instrumental delivery (clinical) Vangen et al. 2002 [18 ] Low
(1733) Norway Not stated Type: most likely type III (assumed, unverified). Age cut/by: not stated Prolonged labor; tears; cesarean section; hemorrhage (clinical) WHO study group 2006 [19 ] High
(21222)Multipled Mean 26.3 Type: 32% TI, 37% TII, 31% TIII (gyn exam) Age cut/by: not stated Tears; cesarean section; episiotomy; hemorrhage (clinical) Wuest et al. 2009 [20 ] Low
(122) Switzerland Mean 28.0 Type: 17% TI, 24% TII, 48% TIII, 11% TIV (gyn exam). Age cut/by: not stated Prolonged labor; tears; cesarean section; episiotomy; instrumental delivery; hemorrhage (clinical) Yount and Abraham 2007 [46 ] Moderate
(1071) Kenya 15–49 Type: “had undergone FGC” (self-report) Age cut/by: not stated Cesarean section (self-report) Yount and Carrera 2006 [47 ] Low
a Egypt 17–55 Type: 4% TI, 73% TII, 23% TIV (self-report) Age cut/by: mode 9-10 yrs/93% tc, 4% hcp Pregnancy loss (self-report): 39% TI, 42% TII, 43% TIV