The Obstetric Consequences of Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Table 2

Continuous study outcomes and effect estimates.

Author, year	Outcome	FGM/C group	Non-FGM/C group	Results; Mean diff (95% CI)
Browning et al. 2010 [31]	Days in labor	3.1 (1.7) days	2.8 (1.5) days	0.30 (0.02, 0.58)*
Essén et al. 2005 [36]	Duration of labor stage 2	35 min^a	53 min	—
Hakim 2001 [14]	Duration of labor stage 1	11.8 (4.7) hrs (708 min)	11.6 (2.2) hrs (696 min)	0.20 (−0.54, 0.94)
	Duration of labor stage 2	41.5 (13.3) min	40.1 (3.2) min	1.40 (−0.08, 2.88)
	Duration of labor stage 3	11.0 (4.0) min	11.1 (4.5) min	−0.10 (−1.40, 1.20)
Wuest et al. 2009 [20]	Duration of labor stage 1	220 min^a	300 min	—
	Duration of labor stage 2	39 min	45 min	—
	Maternal blood loss	400 mL (range 200–1000)	350 mL (range 100–3500)	−50 (𝑃=0.81)

Legend: Mean diff: mean difference; ^aEssén et al. 2005 [36] and Wuest et al. 2009 [20] reported duration of labor as median minutes (not mean); *statistically significant.