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Author | Year | Country | No. of women | Inclusion criteria | Exclusion criteria | Age | Type of pessary | Pregnancy outcome | Neonatal outcome | Pessary removal | Side effects of pessary |
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Forster | 1986 | Germany | 242 | Not clearly stated | Not clearly stated |
Mean age pessary: 26.6 sd 6.13 Mean age cerclage: 26.3 sd 4.22 | Stützpessary | Pessary versus control mean GA at delivery: 35.15–37.57 weeks | Pessary versus control birthweight: 3097.9 versus 3062.7 g Neonatal mortality: 0 (0%) versus 1 (0.89%) | Not stated | Not stated |
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Gmoser | 1991 | Germany | 300 |
Women with cervical changes (with or without contractions), history of cervical incompetence, twin pregnancies or a previous pregnancy with a cerclage | Not clearly stated | Not clearly stated | Stutzpessary | Pessary versus control median GA at delivery: 39–36 weeks | Pessary versus control birthweight: 2950–2400 gram | Not stated | Not stated |
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Goya | 2012 | Spain | 385 | Singleton pregnancies CL <25 mm at 18–22 weeks |
Major fetal abnormalities Regular uterine contractions Active vaginal bleeding Ruptured membranes placenta praevia History of cone biopsy cervical Cerclage in situ | 18–43 years | Arabin | Pessary versus control delivery <28 weeks: 4 (2%)–16 (8%) delivery <34 weeks: 12 (6%)–53 (28%) delivery <37 weeks: 41 (22%)–113 (59%) mean GA at delivery: 37.7–34.9 weeks | Pessary versus control composite adverse outcome: 5 (3%)–30 (16%) birthweight < 1500 g: 9 (5%)–26 (14%) birthweight < 2500 g: 17 (9%)–56 (29%) | 37 weeks of gestation Risk of PTB with persistent Contractions despite tocolysis Vaginal bleeding Patient discomfort | All women had increased vaginal discharge |
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Hui | 2012 | China | 108 | Singleton pregnancies CL <25 mm at 18–22 weeks |
Major fetal abnormalities Regular uterine contractions History cervical incompetence Ruptured membranes multiple gestation Cervical dilatation Cervical cerclage: current or previous pregnancy | 22–44 years | Arabin | Pessary versus control delivery <28 weeks: 2 (3.8%)–3 (5.5%) delivery <34 weeks: 5 (9.4%)–3 (5.5%) delivery <37 weeks: 8 (15.1%)–10 (18.2%) mean GA at delivery: 38.1–37.8 weeks | Pessary versus control Clinical sepsis: 3 (5.7%)–5 (9.4%) Jaundice: 15 (28.3%)–14 (26.4%) RDS: 5 (9.4%)–2 (3.8%) IVH: 0 (0%)–1 (1.9%) NICU admission: 21 (39.6%)–17 (32.1%) | 37 weeks of gestation Ruptured membranes Vaginal bleeding Painful contractions | 25 (47%) increased discharge 4 (8%) pressure sensations 2 (4%) dislodge pessary 1 (2%) vaginal bleeding 1 (2%) pain 1 (2%) urine retention |
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