Review Article

Exercise in the Metabolic Syndrome

Table 1

Comparison of definitions of the metabolic syndrome.

WHOEGIRNCEPIDF

Presence of one of the following:Insulin resistance AND two or more of the following:Presence of three of the following (2001):Central obesity(13) AND any two of the following:
 (i) DM (i) Central obesity(4) (i) Central obesity(6) (i) Raised TG(14)
 (ii) IGT (ii) Dyslipidemia(5) (ii) Dislipidemia(7) (ii) HDL(15)
 (iii) IFG (iii) BP ≥ 140/90 (iii) BP ≥ 130/85 (iii) ↑ BP(16)
 (iv) Insulin resistance (iv) FBG ≥ 6.1 mmol/L (110 mg/dL) (iv) FPG ≥ 6.1 mmol/L (110 mg/dL) (iv) ↑ FBG(17)
AND two of the following:Update (2004):
 (i) BP ≥ 140/90 (i) Elevated waist circumferences(8)
 (ii) Dyslipidemia(1) (ii) Elevated TG(9)
 (iii) Central obesity(2) (iii) Reduced HDL(10)
 (iv) Microalbuminuria(3) (iv) Elevated BP(11)
 (v) Elevated fasting glucose(12)

BP: blood pressure, DM: diabetes mellitus, EGIR: European Group for the Study of Insulin Resistance, FBG: fasting blood glucose, HDL: high density lipoproteins, IDF: International Diabetes Federation, IFG: impaired fasting glucose, IGT: impaired glucose tolerance, NCEP: US National Cholesterol Education Program, TG: triglycerides, WHO: World Health Organization.
TG ≥ 1.695 mmol/L and HDL ≤ 0.9 mmol/L (male), ≤1.0 mmol/L (female).
Waist/hip ratio > 0.90 (male) >0.85 (female), or body mass index > 30 kg/ .
Urinary albumin excretion ratio ≥ 20 μg/min or albumin/creatinine ratio ≥ 30 mg/g.
Waist circumference ≥ 94 cm (male), ≥80 cm (female).
TG ≥ 2.0 mmol/L and/or HDL < 1.0 mmol/L or treated for dyslipidemia.
Waist circumference ≥ 102 cm or 40 inches (male), ≥88 cm or 36 inches (female).
TG ≥ 1.7 mmol/L (150 mg/dL) and HDL < 40 mg/dL (male), <50 mg/dL (female).
Men, greater than 40 inches (102 cm) and women, greater than 35 inches (88 cm).
Equal to or greater than 150 mg/dL (1.7 mmol/L).
Men, Less than 40 mg/dL (1.03 mmol/L) and women, Less than 50 mg/dL (1.29 mmol/L).
Equal to or greater than 130/85 mm Hg or use of medication for hypertension.
Equal to or greater than 100 mg/dL (5.6 mmol/L) or use of medication for hyperglycemia.
Defined as waist circumference with ethnicity specific values (If BMI is >30 kg/m², central obesity can be assumed and waist circumference does not need to be measured).
TG > 150 mg/dL (1.7 mmol/L), or specific treatment for this lipid abnormality.
HDL < 40 mg/dL (1.03 mmol/L) in males, <50 mg/dL (1.29 mmol/L) in females, or specific treatment for this lipid abnormality.
systolic BP > 130 or diastolic BP > 85 mm Hg, or treatment of previously diagnosed hypertension.
FPG > 100 mg/dL (5.6 mmol/L), or previously diagnosed type 2 diabetes.