Hypoxia-Induced Oxidative Stress in Ischemic Retinopathy

Figure 1

Schematic showing the relationship between oxidative stress and DR. The four major mechanisms involved in DR: increased polyol pathway flux, increased AGE formation, activation of PKC pathway, and increased hexosamine pathway flux results in I/R and increased production of ROS/RNS, thereby changing the levels of JNK/p38 MAPK, PARP, and NFκB, increasing lipid peroxidation as well as leading to mitochondrial dysfunction.