Insulin Resistance, Ceramide Accumulation, and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Human Chronic Alcohol-Related Liver Disease

Figure 2

Effects of chronic ALD on insulin signaling mechanisms. Protein homogenates of liver were used in bead-based multiplex ELISAs to measure immunoreactivity corresponding to (a) insulin receptor (InR), (b) IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R), (c) IRS-1, (d) ^{pYpY1162/1163}InR, (e) ^{pYpY1135/1136}IGF-1R, and (f) ^pS312IRS-1. Calculated phospho/total ratios of (g) InR, (h) IGF-1R, and (i) IRS-1 reflect relative levels of phosphorylation. Intergroup comparisons were made using Student’s 𝑡-tests and significant 𝑃 values are shown over the graphs.

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