The Role of Dietary Polyphenols on Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis: Molecular Mechanisms and Behavioural Effects on Depression and Anxiety

Table 2

Effects of different polyphenolic-based diets or treatments on the expression of cell proliferation and differentiation markers, especially in the adult hippocampus.

Reference	Polyphenol	Treatment	Model	Effect on AHN	Proposed molecular mechanism(s)
Valente et al. 2009 [37]	LMN diet (polyphenols and fatty acids)	In vivo: animals fed for 40 days with either a control diet or with LMN diet	In vivo: 129S1/SvImJ mice	In vivo: increased proliferation and differentiation in DG and SVZ	—
		In vitro: LMN cream (0.05, 0.10, 0.20, 0.30, 0.40, 0.50, 0.60,0.70, 0.80, and 1.00 mg/mL) for 24 h	In vitro: neuron-glial cell cultures (hippocampal and cortical) pretreated with H2O2	In vitro: cortical cells: antioxidant effect (approximately 80%); Hippocampal cells: antioxidant LMN range concentration restricted to 0.50 and 0.60 mg/mL; antioxidant capacity of approximately 100%
So et al. 2008; [38]	Curcumin	In vitro: (0.1, 0.5, 1, 10, 20, and 50 uM)/well	Multipotent NPC; C57BL/6 mice	In vitro: increased proliferation (0.1,0.5 uM) (BrdU)	Curcumin stimulates the proliferation of embryonic cortical neural stem cells via the MAP kinase pathway
		In vivo: 500 nmol/kg body weight, once daily for 4 days		In vivo: increased proliferation and differentiation (NeuN)
An et al. 2008; [39]	Flavanoids (XBXT-2)	XBXT-2 (25 or 50 mg/kg), imipramine (10 mg/kg, p.o.)	Sprague Dawley rats submitted to chronic stress	Increased proliferation (BrdU); Increased hippocampal BDNF	Increased neurogenesis and expression of hippocampal BDNF and pCREB as one of the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the antidepressant action of XBXT-2
Xu et al. 2007 [40]	Curcumin	Curcumin (5, 10 and 20 mg/kg, p.o.) or imipramine (10 mg/kg, i.p.)	Sprague-Dawley rats submitted to chronic stress	Increased proliferation (BrdU); Increased BDNF levels	Upregulation of 5-HT1A receptor mRNA and of BDNF levels
Fernández-Fernández et al. 2011 [54]	LMN diet (polyphenols and fatty acids)	Control or LMN diet for 5 months	Tg2576 male mice as a model of AD crossing them with 129S1/SvImJ females	Increased proliferation in the subventricular zone (SVZ) (BrdU)	—
Acosta et al. 2010 [65]	NT-020 diet (polyphenols, vitamin D3, and carnosine)	Aged: 135 mg/kg per day of NT-020 diet orally administered for 4 weeks versus young and aged controls treated with water by oral gavage	Fischer 344 rats	Increased proliferation (Ki67); Increased differentiation (DCX); Decreased activated microglia	Reduction of proinflammatory compound counteracts age-related decrease of neurogenesis
Ito et al. 2008; [66]	Chlorogenic acid	Polyphenol added to the medium to final concentration of 10 𝜇M	Fetal rat hippocampal neurons	Promoted neuronal differentiation	—