Review Article
Oxidative Stress in Genetic Mouse Models of Parkinson’s Disease
Table 1
Oxidative stress parameters in Parkinson’s disease patients.
| Observation | Marker for oxidative stress | Sampled region | Outcome (versus control) | References |
| In vivo | MDA | Blood, CSF | ↑ | [40] | | GSH reductase | Blood | ↑ | | | Cu/Zn-SOD | Blood | ↑ | | | Superoxide | Blood | ↑ | |
| In vivo | HNE | Plasma, CSF | ↑ | [42] |
| In vivo | Lipoprotein oxidation | Plasma, CSF | ↑ | [43] | | Protein sulfhydryl groups | Plasma, CSF | ↓ | | | α-Tocopherol | CSF | ↓ | |
| In vivo | Cu/Zn/Mn-SOD activity | Skin fibroblasts | ↔ | [44] | | GPx activity | Skin fibroblasts | ↔ | | | Catalase activity | Skin fibroblasts | ↔ | |
| In vivo | Lipid oxidation products | Plasma | ↑ | [19] | | 8-OHdG | Urine | ↑ | |
| In vivo | Markers of oxidative stress | iPSCs | ↑ | [45] | | Sensitivity to oxidative stress | iPSCs | ↑ | |
| In vivo | MDA | Blood | ↑ | [41] | | SOD activity | Blood | ↑ | | | GPx | Blood | ↔ | |
| Postmortem | Lipid peroxidation | SN | ↑ | [38] | | Reduced GSH | SN | ↓ | | | Total iron | SN | ↑ | | | Ferritin | SN | ↓ | | | GPx activity | SN | ↓ | | | Catalase activity | SN | ↓ | |
| Postmortem | Iron | SN | ↑ | [39] | | MAO-B | SN | ↑ | | | Cu/Zn-SOD | SN | ↑ | | | Heme oxygenase | SN | ↑ | | | GSH | SN | ↓ | | | Vitamin C | SN | ↓ | |
| Postmortem | GPx 4 | SN | ↑ | [46] |
| Postmortem | Protein oxidation | Caudate nucleus | ↑ | [35] | | Lipid peroxidation | Frontal cortex | ↑ | | | Protein nitration | Caudate nucleus, putamen, frontal cortex | ↔ | | | Total GSH | Caudate nucleus, putamen, frontal cortex | ↑ | | | Catalase | Caudate nucleus, putamen, frontal cortex | ↔ | | | SOD | Caudate nucleus, putamen, frontal cortex | ↔ | | | GSH reductase | Caudate nucleus, putamen, frontal cortex | ↔ | | | GPx | Caudate nucleus, putamen | ↑ | |
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Abbreviations: 4-HNE: 4-hydroxynonenal, 8-OhdG: 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine, CSF: cerebrospinal fluid, GPx: GSH peroxidase, GSH: glutathion, iPSCs: induced pluripotent stem cells, MDA: malondialdehyde, SN: substantia nigra, SOD: sodium dismutase, : increased, : decreased, : not different.
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