Characterization of Blood Oxidative Stress in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients: Increase in Lipid Peroxidation and SOD Activity
Table 1
Distribution of the groups studied according to socioeconomic, clinical, biochemical, and anthropometric profiles.
Variable
Groups
DM2 ()
Pre-DM ()
Control ()
value
Socioeconomic profile
Agea, years ( ± SEM)
65.2 ± 1.5
73.4 ± 1.7
66.2 ± 1.9
NS
Sexb, M/F (%)
29.1/70.9
33.3/66.7
20.7/79.3
NS
Ethnicity/colorc, W/BL/BR (%)
18.2/20/61.8
0/0/100
6.9/17.2/75.9
NS
Educationc,d, 0/1-4/5+ (%)
32.7/34.5/32.7
77.8/22.2/0
84.6/11.5/3.8
<0.001***
Incomec,e, ≤1/>1 (%)
56.4/43.6
44.4/55.6
26.9/73.1
0.04*
Lifestyle profile
Tobacco usec, ES/NS (%)
42.6/57.4
75/25
69/31
0.035*
Drinking, N/Y (%)#
98.2/1.8
77.8/22.2
73.1/26.9
—
Clinical profile
CVDfamilyb, Y/N (%)
90.9/9.1
55.6/44.4
41.4/58.6
<0.001***
DMfamilyc, Y/N (%)
63.6/36.4
33.3/66.7
20.7/79.3
<0.001***
SAHfamilyc, Y/N (%)
78.2/21.8
44.4/55.6
34.5/65.5
<0.001***
SBP (mmHg)a ( ± SEM)
137.4 ± 2.1
140.0 ± 8.1
134.5 ± 3.9
NS
DBP(mmHg)a ( ± SEM)
82.5 ± 0.9
83.3 ± 3.3
82.4 ± 1.6
NS
MSb, Y/N (%)
81.8/18.2
55.6/44.4
48.3/51.7
0.005**
Biochemical profile
FG (mmol·L−1)a ( ± SEM)
7.7 ± 0.5(A)
5.9 ± 0.1(B)
4.3 ± 0.1
<0.001***
HbA1c (%)a
8.0 ± 0.3(A)
5.9 ± 0.1
6.0 ± 0.2
<0.001***
HOMA-IR (U·L−1·mmol−1·L−1)a ( ± SEM)
8.0 ± 1.7(A)
2.8 ± 0.5
1.8 ± 0.3
0.019*
TC (mmol·L−1)a ( ± SEM)
5.5 ± 0.1
5.9 ± 0.3
5.2 ± 0.3
NS
HDL (mmol·L−1)a ( ± SEM)
1.2 ± 0.03
1.3 ± 0.05
1.1 ± 0.04
NS
LDL (mmol·L−1)a ( ± SEM)
3.2 ± 0.14
3.6 ± 0.33
3.2 ± 0.24
NS
VLDL (mmol·L−1)a ( ± SEM)
1.1 ± 0.1
1.01 ± 0.14
0.8 ± 0.07
NS
TG (mmol·L−1)a ( ± SEM)
2.5 ± 0.23
2.2 ± 0.3
1.8 ± 0.15
NS
Anthropometric profile
BMI (kg·m−²)a ( ± SEM)
29.4 ± 0.8
27.0 ± 0.9
27.3 ± 0.8
NS
WC (cm)a ( ± SEM)
102.8 ± 1.7
95.1 ± 2.6
95.6 ± 2.0
NS
aANOVA, Tukey; bPearson’s test χ 2; cFisher exact test; din years of study; ein minimum salary; NS: not significant; (A)when compared to pre-DM groups and the control; (B)when compared to the control.
