Review Article
The Role of Thyroid Hormones as Inductors of Oxidative Stress and Neurodegeneration
Table 1
Effects of hyper- or hypothyroidism on the activity/abundance of antioxidant enzymes and the oxidative status of various tissues.
| | Hyperthyroidism | Hypothyroidism | Tissue | SOD | GPx | CAT | GSH | Lpx | Chl | Crb | Species | SOD | GPx | CAT | GSH | Lpx | Chl | Crb | Species |
| Heart | ↑ | ↓ | ↓ | | ↑ | | | Rat [18] | ↓ | | | | — | | | Rat [18] | ↑ | ↑ | — | ↓ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | Rat [48] | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | | ↓ | | ↓ | Rat [41] | | — | | | ↑ | | | Rat [39] | | ↑ | | | — | | | Rat [39] | | | | ↑ | ↑ | | | Rat [49] | | | | ↓ | ↓ | | | Rat [49] | | | | | | ↑ | | Rat [50] | — | — | — | | — | | | Rat young [42] | ↑ | — | — | | — | | | Rat young [42] | — | — | — | | — | | | Rat old [42] | — | ↓ | — | | ↑ | | | Rat old [42] | | | | | | | | |
| Liver | | | | | ↓ | | | Mouse [51] | | | | | — | | | Mouse [51] | — | ↓ | ↓ | | — | | | Rat [18] | — | | | | — | | | Rat [18] | ↓ | | ↓ | | | ↑ | | Rat [40] | — | ↑ | — | | — | | | Rat [52] | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | | ↑↑ | | | Rat [52] | | | | | ↓ | | ↓ ↓ | Rat [53] | | | | | ↓ | | ↓ ↓ | Rat [53] | | — | | | — | | | Rat [39] | | ↑ | | | | | ↑ | Rat [54] | | | | ↓ | ↓ | | | Rat [49] | | — | | | ↑ | | | Rat [39] | | | | | | | | | | | | ↑ | ↑ | | | Rat [49] | | | | | | | | | ↓ | ↓ | | ↓ | ↑ | | ↑ | Rat [55] | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ↑ | | Rat [50] | | | | | | | | | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | | | | Rat [56] | | | | | | | | | | | | | ↑ | | ↑ | Rat [57] | | | | | | | | | | ↑ | | ↓ | ↑ | | | Rat [58] | | | | | | | | | Microsomes | | | | | ↑ | | | Rat [32] | | | | | | | | | Mitochondria | | | | | | | ↑ | Rat [54] | | | | | | | | |
| Skeletal muscle | | | | | ↑ | | | Mouse [35] | ↓ | — | | | ↑ | | | Duck [59] | | ↑ | | | ↑ | | | Rat [39] | | | | | — | | | Mouse [35] | | | | | | | | | | ↑ | | | — | | | Rat [39] | Oxidative | ↑ | ↓ | ↓ | | ↑ | | | Rat [18] | ↓ | — | — | | — | | | Rat [18] | Glycolytic | | | | | | | | | ↓ | — | — | | — | | | Rat [18] |
| Blood | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Plasma | | | | | ↑ | | | Rat [60] | ↓ | | | | ↑ | | | Rat [61] | | | | | | ↑ | | Rat [50] | ↓ | ↑ | — | ↓ | ↑ | | | Human [62] | | — | | ↑ | ↑ | | | Rat [63] | — | | ↑ | | ↑ | | | Human [64] | | | | | ↑ | | | Human [65] | | | | | ↑ | | | Human [66] | | | | | ↑ | | | Human [67] | ↑ | | ↑ | | ↑ | | | Human [68] | | | | | ↑ | | | Human [69] | | | | | — | | | Human [70] | | | | | ↑ | | | Human [71] | | ↑ | — | ↓ | ↑↑ | | ↑ | Human [72] | ↓ | | | | ↑ | | | Human [73] | | | | | ↑ | | ↑ | Human [74] | ↑ | ↓ | ↑ | | ↑ | | | Human [75] | | | | | ↑ | | ↑ | Human [76] | | | | | ↑ | | | Human [66] | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | | | | | Human [77] | | | | | ↑ | | | Human [78] | | | | | ↑ | | | Human [78] | Erythrocytes | — | | — | | ↑ | | ↑ | Rat [79] | — | | — | | ↓ | | ↓ | Rat [79] | ↑ | | | ↓ | ↑ | | | Rat [80] | | | | | | | | | ↑ | ↓ | — | | — | | | Rat [18] | | | | | | | | | | | | — | | | | Cat [81] | | | | | | | | | ↑ | ↑ | | | — | | | Human [73] | | | | | | | | |
| Brain | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Homogenate | | | | ↑ | ↑ | | | Rat [49] | | | | ↓ | ↓ | | | Rat [49] | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | | | ↑↑ | | Rat juvenile [27] | ↑ | | ↑ | ↓ | ↑ | | ↑ | Rat neonate [82] | ↓ | ↓ | ↑ | | ↑ | | | Rat neonate [83] | ↓ ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | | ↑ | | | Rat neonate [83] | Mitochondria | — | ↓ | | | ↑ | | ↑↑ | Rat [19] | ↑ | ↑ | | | ↑ | | ↑ | Rat [19] | Cortex | | | | | ↑↑ | | | Rat [19] | | | | | — | | | Rat [19] | ↑ | | | | ↑ | | | Rat [84] | — | | | | — | | | Rat [85] | — | ↑ | ↑ | | — | | | Rat old [86] | ↓ | ↑ | ↓ | | ↓ | | | Rat neonate [87] | | | | | | | | | ↑ | ↑ | — | | ↑ | | | Rat old [86] | Hippocampus | | | | | | | | | ↓ | | | | ↑ | | | Rat [61] | | | | | | | | | | | | | ↑ | | | Rat [88] | | | | | | | | | | | | ↓ | ↑ | | | Rat neonate [89] | Cerebellum | ↓ | | | | — | | | Rat [84] | ↓ | | | | ↑ | | | Rat [85] | | | | | | | | | | | | | — | | | Rat [88] | ↓ ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | | ↑ | | | Rat neonate [83] | ↓ | — | ↑ | | ↓ | | | Rat juvenile [90] | | | | | | | | | ↑ | — | — | | ↑ | | | Rat neonate [90] | | | | | | | | | ↓ ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | | ↑ | | | Rat neonate [83] | Medulla | ↓ ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | | ↑ | | | Rat neonate [83] | ↓ ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | | ↑ | | | Rat neonate [83] |
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Antioxidant enzymes and substrates: SOD: superoxide dismutase (no distinction is made between Cu/Zn-SOD and Mn-SOD); GPx: glutathione peroxidase; CAT: catalase; GSH: reduced glutathione. Oxidative status: Lpx: lipid peroxidation (measured as thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances: TBARS or malondialdehyde production); Chl: chemiluminescence; Crb: carbonylated proteins. ↓: decrease; ↑: increase; —: no change. Double arrows represent a highly significant effect ().
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