Oxidative Stress and Nucleic Acid Oxidation in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease

Figure 2

Impairment of antioxidant system in patients with CKD. Antioxidant systems, including nonenzymatic systems (thiol, alpha-tocopherol, and ascorbic acid) and enzymatic systems (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and glutathione peroxidase (GPx)), are impaired or deficient in patients with CKD. Hyperhomocysteinemia can lead to inhibition of the activity of the antioxidant enzymes SOD and GPx. GR: glutathione reductase; GSH: glutathione; GSSG: glutathione disulfide; Se: selenium.