Oxidative Stress and Nucleic Acid Oxidation in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease

Table 1

Biomarkers of oxidative stress and antioxidant status.

Lipid peroxidation	Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL), HOC1-modified LDL, malondialdehyde (MDA), 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE), hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid (HODE), thiobarbituric-acid-reactive substances (TBARS), advanced lipoxidation end products (ALE), cholesteryl esters
Arachidonic-acid-derived oxidation	Isofurans, F2-isoprostane, isolevuglandins
Protein oxidation	Advanced oxidation protein products (AOPPs), protein thiols oxidation
Protein carbonylation	Advanced glycation end products (AGEs)
Amino acid oxidation	3-Nitrotyrosine, 3-chlorotyrosine, dityrosine, carboxymethyl lysine, cysteine/cystine, homocysteine/homocystine
Nucleic acid oxidation	8-Oxo-7,8-dihydro-2^′-deoxyguanosine (8-oxo-dG), 8-hydroxy-2^′-deoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG)
Antioxidant status	Oxidative stress index (OSI: ratio of total antioxidant capacity/total oxidant status), glutathione activity, superoxide dismutase, catalase, thioredoxin, arylesterase/paraoxonase