Review Article

Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Activity in Hypothermia and Rewarming: Can RONS Modulate the Beneficial Effects of Therapeutic Hypothermia?

Table 2

Selected data showing the protection induced by the experimental hypothermia. This table summarizes information about the impact of the experimental hypothermia on oxidant/antioxidant parameters. Despite the different levels of hypothermia, animal species, tissues, or injury models, the overall effects are as follows. First hypothermia by itself induces an increase in oxidative stress markers and in the reduced glutathione. Second, if hypothermia is applied during another injury there is a decrease in oxidative stress and the maintenance or improvement of antioxidants.

HT level (°C)SpecieTargetInjury modelOxidative stress indicatorInjury effectsHT alone effectsHT-induced protectionCommentsReference

17Guinea pigHeart
In vitro
I/RROS generation
NADH+  
Mitochondrial Ca++






[28]

20–22RatIn vivo Hx
(10% O2)
Plasma TBARS
Liver TBARS
Liver GSH/GSSG



=


Intrahypoxic HT
Ventilatory support
[33]

23-24RatIn vivo Catalase
Vitamin E
ND
ND

ND
ND
Ventilatory support not provided[46]

25PigArtery
In vitro
NO synthesisNDND[60]

26RatIn vivo I/RTBARS
SOD
Catalase
=
=
=

=

=
Intraischemic HT followed by reperfusion at 37°C[61]

30–32RatIntestine
In vivo
I/RTBARS
GSH/GSSG
Plasma NOx


=
=
=


Ventilatory support using a mixture of O2/NO[62]

32RatIn vivo Heatstroke
(40°C)
generation
MDA in liver

ND
ND

[63]
MouseCA1 hippocampusMCAONOS expression
CaM-KII
=
ND
ND
=
HT increases CaM-KII [64]

33–35PigBrain MCAOGSH
N-Acetyl aspartate

ND
ND

Decreasing NAA = cell dysfunction and neuronal loss[65]
RatIn vivo MCAOiNOS expression
Nitrotyrosine

ND
ND

Intraischemic HT is more effective than postischemic HT[35, 66]

34RatIsolated Liver
In vitro
IschemiaEfflux rate TBARS=[67]

35MouseBrain
In vivo
ALFGSH/GSSGNDGSH/GSSG Incremented over sham values[68]

ALF: acute liver failure.
CaM-KII: Ca2+/calmodulin protein kinase II.
GSH/GSSG: reduced/oxidized glutathione.
HT: hypothermia.
Hx: hypoxia.
I/R: ischemia/reperfusion.
MCAO: middle cerebral artery occlusion.
MDA: malondialdehyde.
ND: not described.
NOS: nitric oxide synthase.
NOx: nitric oxide derived products.
: superoxide radical.
SOD: superoxide dismutase.
TBARS: thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances.
↑, : increase, decrease, respectively.