Thioredoxin System Regulation in the Central Nervous System: Experimental Models and Clinical Evidence

Figure 1

TS components are NADPH, TrxR, and Trx. NADPH is the electron donor for TrxR. Cytosolic NADPH generation principally occurs in the hexose monophosphate pathway, with mitochondrial NADPH production depending on specific dehydrogenases and the transference of electrons from NADH to NADP⁺ [35]. Trx acts as the reducing agent for peroxiredoxins, ribonucleotide reductase, methionine sulfoxide reductase, and disulfides in proteins including activating protein 1 (AP-1), tumour suppressor p53, apoptosis signal-regulating kinase-1 (ASK1), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), hypoxia inducible factor 1α (HIF1α), nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) [36].