Thioredoxin System Regulation in the Central Nervous System: Experimental Models and Clinical Evidence

Table 2

TS and CNS disorders.

Disorder	Cell type studied	TS expression	Reference
AD	AD human brain	↑ ADF/Trx (p, mRNA) astrocytes in white matter	[23]
		↓ Trx1 (p) amygdala, hippocampus, and frontal cortex	[38, 111]
		↓ Trx80 (p) neurons of hippocampus and cortex; ↓ Trx80 (p) in CSF	[29]
	AMCI human brain	↑ TR (a) hippocampus and cerebellum	[112]
	SH-SY5Y cells exposed to Aβ	↑ Trx1 oxidized	[111]
PD	PC12 cells exposed to MPP^+	↓ Trx1; ↓ Trx2; ↑ Oxidized Trx1 Trx1-SS; ↑ Oxidized Trx2-SS	[132]
	SK-DAT cells exposed to paraquat	Oxidizes Trx1	[131]
	SK-DAT cells exposed to rotenone and MPP^+	Oxidizes Trx2
	SH-SY5Y cells exposed to paraquat	Oxidizes Trx2	[133]
	SH-SY5Y cells exposed to Maneb	↑ TR1 (mRNA)
HD	HD patients	↓ Trx plasma and erythrocytes; ↓ TR plasma and erythrocytes	[142]
Schizophrenia	First episode psychosis; Long-term schizophrenic	↑ Trx serum or plasma levels; ↑ Trx serum or plasma levels	[144–146]
ALS	Spinal cord of ALS	↑ Trx (mRNA)	[148]
FALS	FALS erythrocytes stable form of mutant SOD-1	↑ Trx (p)	[147]

(p): protein expression; (a): activity; ↑: upregulation; ↓: downregulation.