Vitamin A and Retinoids as Mitochondrial Toxicants

<div>Unbalanced SOD/CAT ratio resulting in increased H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> production. Additionally, increased <svg height="13.9782pt" id="M77" style="vertical-align:-3.051pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -10.9272 24.5197 13.9782" width="24.5197pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M387 665C175 665 46 498 46 318C46 123 194 -15 374 -15C558 -15 712 114 712 333C712 535 557 665 387 665ZM364 625C495 625 607 518 607 306C607 115 505 25 396 25C256 25 151 161 151 346C151 532 255 625 364 625Z" id="g58-77"></path><glyph.data ascent="1007" descent="-369" horiz-adv-x="757" vert-adv-y="757"></glyph.data></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,9.841,3.001)"><path d="M414 144C384 79 371 75 317 75H135L276 221C367 317 408 376 408 465C408 569 328 635 237 635C178 635 131 610 100 575L42 494L67 471C94 511 138 565 205 565C277 565 321 518 321 435C321 348 259 269 195 195C146 136 89 82 33 26V0H411C423 44 433 88 446 135L414 144Z" id="g58-48"></path><glyph.data ascent="1007" descent="-369" horiz-adv-x="487" vert-adv-y="487"></glyph.data></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,14.824,-5.872)"><path d="M556 236V289H56V236H556Z" id="g54-33"></path><glyph.data ascent="3443" descent="-2856" horiz-adv-x="611" vert-adv-y="611"></glyph.data></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,20.384,-5.872)"><path d="M333 262C333 337 270 397 193 397S54 337 54 262S116 127 193 127S333 187 333 262Z" id="g54-74"></path><glyph.data ascent="3443" descent="-2856" horiz-adv-x="385" vert-adv-y="385"></glyph.data></g></svg> levels inhibit CAT enzyme activity allosterically leading to even more high H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> concentration due to accumulation of this ROS.</div>

Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity

Vitamin A and Retinoids as Mitochondrial Toxicants

Figure 2