|
| Species/targets | Model of reperfusion injury | Effective dose | Effects and mechanisms | References |
|
| Male Wistar rats rat/heart | Langendorff-perfused mode
(ischemia 45 min, reperfusion 10 min). | 25 mg/kg
(pretreatment 7 days, IP) | MDA↓, CAT↓, peroxidase↑, and SOD↑ | [80] |
|
| Spraque-Dawley rats/heart | Langendorff-perfused mode
(ischemia 60 min, reperfusion 60 min) | 20 mg/kg
(pretreatment 14 days intragastric tube),
10 μM (30 min before ischemia) | MDA↓, LDH↓, carbonyl↓, and GSH↑ | [68] |
|
| Male Sprague-Dawley rats/heart | Langendorff-perfused mode
(ischemia 30 min, reperfusion 2 h) | 10 μM
(30 min before ischemia, IV perfused) | MDA↓ and infarct volume↓ | [49] |
|
| Male Sprague Dawley rats/heart | Langendorff-perfused mode
(ischemia 15 min, reperfusion 10 min). | resveratrol
1–100 μM (pretreatment 7 days, IP) | MDA↓ and no improvement in heart function | [82] |
|
| Sprague-Dawley/Brain | Right middle cerebral artery occlusion
(ischemia 30 min, reperfusion 5.5 h) | 0.1–1.0 μM
(10 min before ischemia, IV) | Activation of ER-α and ER-β and infarct volume ↓ | [23] |
|
| Male Wistar rats/brain | Bilateral common carotid occlusion (occlusion 4 h) | 5–30 mg/kg
(5 min before reperfusion, IP) | MDA↓, MPO↓, TNF-α↓, IL-6↓, ICAM-I↓, Catalase↑, SOD↑, and IL-10↑ | [99] |
|
| Male Sprague-Dawley rats/brain | Middle cerebral artery occlusion. (occlusion 2 h) | 30 mg/kg
(pretreatment 7 days, IP) | Adesonine↑, inosine↑, hypoxanthine↓, and xanthine↓ | [92] |
|
| Male Wistar rats/Brain | Bilateral common carotid occlusion (occlusion 10 min) | 30 mg/kg
(pretreatment 7 days, IP) | ROS↓, MDA↓, NO↓, and Na+K+-aTPase↓ | [61] |
|
| Male Wistar rats/brain | Bilateral common carotid occlusion (occlusion 10 min) | 30 mg/kg
(pretreatment 7 days, IP) | COX-2↓ and iNOS↓ and NF-kB and JNK activation↓ | [100] |
|
| Male Sprague-Dawley rats/brain | Middle cerebral artery occlusion (occlusion 30 min) | 15 and 30 mg/kg
(pretreatment 7 days, IP) | MDA↓, SOD↑, Nrf2↑, HO-1↑, and caspase-3↓ |
[3] |
|
| Mongolian gerbils/brain | Bilateral common carotid occlusion (occlusion 5 min) | 30 mg/kg
(during occlusion, IP) | Neuronal cell death↓ | [48] |
|
| Male Wistar rats/Brain | Middle cerebral artery occlusion (occlusion 2 h) | 20 mg/kg
(pretreatment 21 days, IP) | MDA↓, GSH↑, and infarct volume and motor impairment↓ | [96] |
|
| Male New Zealand white rabbits/spinal cord | Occlusion of the infrarenal aorta (ischemia 30 min) | 1–10 mg/kg
(pretreatment 30 minutes, IV) | MDA↓ and NO↑ | [101] |
|
| Male New Zealand white rabbits/spinal cord | Abdominal aorta clamp
(ischemia 30 minute) | 100 μg/kg
(pretreatment 15 minutes before occluding, IV) | MPO↓, MDA↓, and spinal cord gray matter motor neurons injury↓ | [46] |
|
| Male Wistar albino rats/intestine | Superior mesenteric artery occlusion
(ischemia 60 min, reperfusion 60 min) | 15 mg/kg
(both before ischemia and before reperfusion, IP) | CAT↑, total antioxidant capacity↑, MPO↓, total oxidative status↓, and oxidative stress index (OSI) ↓ | [105] |
|
| Male BALB/c mice/intestine | Superior mesenteric artery occlusion
(ischemia 1 h, reperfusion 24 h) | 50 mg/kg
(pretreatment 10 days, PO) | NO↓, iNOS↓, MPO↓, MDA↓, SOD↑, GSH-Px↑, SIRT1↑, and NF-kB↓ | [41] |
|
| Wistar albino rats/intestine | Superior mesenteric artery occlusion
(ischemia 1 hour, reperfusion 24 h) | 15 mg/kg
(pretreatment 5 days and 15 min before occlusion, IP) | MPO↓, MDA↓, NO↓, and SOD↑ | [43] |
|
| Male Wistar rat/intestine | Superior mesenteric artery occlusion
(ischemia 90 min h, reperfusion 120 min) | 0.056 mg/kg
(30 min before occlusion, IV) | Intestine damage score↓, MPO↓, and hemoglobin content↓ | [42] |
|
| Male Wistar albino rats/spleen, ileum | Hepatic artery clamping
(ischemia 45 min, reperfusion 30 min) | 15 mg/kg
(pretreatment 5 days and 15 min before occlusion, IP) | MDA↓, NO↓, and GSH↑ | [107] |
|
| Male Wistar albino rats/kidney | Right nephrectomy and left renal pedicle clamping
(ischemia 45 min, reperfusion 6 h) | 30 mg/kg
(30 min prior to ischemia and immediately before the reperfusion period, IP) | ROS↓, MDA↓, MPO↓, LDH↓, TNF-α↓, SOD↑, and GSH↑ | [112] |
|
| Male Wistar rats/kidney | Renal pedicles clamping
(ischemia 45 min, reperfusion 24 h) | 5 mg/kg,
(pretrentment 30 minutes before surgery, PO) | NO↑, BUN↓, creatinine↓, SOD↑, GSH↑, and CAT↑ | [117] |
|
| Male Wistar rats/kidney | Right nephrectomy and left renal pedicle clamping
(ischemia 45 min, reperfusion 24 h) | 5 mg/kg,
(before I/R, PO) | BUN↓, creatinine↓, SOD↑, GSH↑, CAT↑, and NO↑ | [45] |
|
| Male Wistar rats/kidney | Both renal pedicles cross-clamping
(ischemia 40 min, reperfusion 24 h) | 0.23 μg/kg
(40 min before I/R, IV) | Mortality rate↓, renal damage↓, and NO↑ | [113] |
|
| Male Sprague-Dawley rat/liver | Clamping the portal vein and hepatic artery
(ischemia 1 h, reperfusion 3 h) | 0.02 and 0.2 mg/kg
(after reperfusion, IV) | IL-1β↓, IL-6↓, MPO↓, TNF-α↓, KC↓, and HO-1 mRNA↓ | [122] |
|
| Male Sprague-Dawley rats/liver | Clamping the portal vein and hepatic artery
(ischemia 45 min, reperfusion 45 min) | 10 mg/kg
(15 min before reperfusion, IV) | MDA↓, SOD↑, GSH↑, and CAT↑ | [121] |
|
| Sprague-Dawley rat/lung | Left hilum
(occlusion 60 min) | 20 mg/kg
(4 days and 15 min before ischemia, PO) | ROS↓, MDA↓, PGC1-α mRNA↑, and leukocyte infiltration↓ | [126] |
|
| Male Sprague-Dawley rat/testis | Left testis torsion/detorsion
(ischemia 4 h) | 20 mg/kg
(30 min before detorsion, IP) | MDA↓, H2O2↓, and oxidative stress index↓ | [39] |
|
| Male Wistar rats/testis | Right testis torsion/detorsion
(ischemia 4 h) | 30 mg/kg
(30 min before detorsion, IP; 7 days postoperatively, PO) | Improved contralateral spermatozoid production and some fertility parameters. | [133] |
|
| Wistar albino rat/ovary | Right unilateral adnexal torsion/detorsion
(torsion 3 h, detorsion 3 h) | 10 mg/kg
(30 min before detorsion, IP) | MDA↓, XO↓, and GSH↑ | [140] |
|
| Male Sprague Dawley rats/retinal | Anterior chamber saline bag
(intraocular pressure 70–80 mm Hg for 45 min) | 30 mg/kg
(pretreatment 5 days, IP) | Reduce inner retinal layers thinning | [145] |
|
| Male Wistar rats rat/Retinal | Anterior chamber saline bag
(intraocular pressure 120 mm Hg for 60 min) | 0.5 nmole
(pretreatment 15 min, IV) | MMP-9↓, iNOS↓, and HO-1↑ | [149] |
|
| Male Spraque-Dawley rats/skeletal muscle | Abdominal aorta clamp
(ischemia 120 min, reperfusion 60 min) | 20 mg/kg
(pretreatment for 14 days, gastric tube) | MDA↓, CPK↓, LDH↓, GSH↑ carbonyl↓, and myoglobin↓, | [157] |
|
| Sprague-Dawley rats/bladder | Abdominal aorta occlusion
(ischemia 60 min, reperfusion 60 min) | 10 mg/kg
(15 min before I/R, IP) | MPO↓, MDA↓, and GSH↑ | [164] |
|
