The Role of Oxygen Sensors, Hydroxylases, and HIF in Cardiac Function and Disease

Table 2

List of abbreviations and functions.

Abbreviation	Name	Function
2-OG	2-oxoglutarate	An oxo dicarboxylate obtained by deprotonation of both carboxy groups of 2-oxoglutaric acid
ANGII	Angiotensin II	A hormone that causes vasoconstriction and a subsequent increase in blood pressure
ASB4	Ankyrin repeat and SOCS box containing 4	An E3 ligase hydroxylated by FIH
CaMKK	Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase	A protein plays a role in the calcium/calmodulin-dependent (CaM) kinase cascade by phosphorylating the downstream kinases CaMK1 and CaMK4
COX	Cyclooxygenase	An enzyme responsible for the formation of prostanoids
cyclicAMP	Cyclic adenosine monophosphate	A derivative of ATP that acts as signaling molecule in many biologic processes
EPO	Erythropoietin	A downstream gene transcribed by HIF, which increases erythropoiesis
FADH	Flavin adenine dinucleotide	A redox cofactor involved in several important metabolic reactions
FIH	Factor inhibiting HIF	A key regulator mediating the cellular response to hypoxia through HIF inhibition
H2O2	Hydrogen peroxide	A product of superoxide formation involved in damaging cellular effects
HIF	Hypoxia inducible factor	Transcription factors that respond to decreasing oxygen concentrations
IKKβ	Inhibitor of κB kinase β	A protein that leads to the dissociation of the inhibitor/NF-κB complex and ultimately the degradation of the inhibitor
IPC	Ischemic preconditioning	The protection conferred to ischemic myocardium by preceding brief periods of sublethal ischemia
IκB	Inhibitor of kappa B	Inhibits the signaling of NF-κB by masking its nuclear localization signal
LDL	Low density lipoprotein	A class of lipoproteins that confer fat to arterial wall and increase risk of cardiovascular disease
MPO	Myeloperoxidase	A lysosomal protein that converts hypochlorous acid from hydrogen peroxide
NF-κB	Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells	A transcription factor that is involved in the immune and inflammatory response
NO	Nitric oxide	A free radical intermediary molecule involved in ischemia
NSAIDs	Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs	A group of drugs that inhibit COX activity for analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects
	Superoxide anion	A highly reactive ROS molecule
PHD	Prolyl hydroxylase domain	A group of proteins that hydroxylate proline residues on substrate proteins
PKM2	Pyruvate kinase M2	A coactivator of HIF that is itself hydroxylated by PHD3
ROS	Reactive oxygen species	A class of reactive molecules generated by metabolism that have wide ranging biological functions
SWOP	Second window of protection	A form of delayed ischemic preconditioning that happens 24 hours after initial IPC
TGFβ	Transforming growth factor beta	A secreted protein involved in a wide array of biological functions, notably in cell differentiation and proliferation
VHL	von Hippel-Lindau	A tumor suppressor E3 ligase that targets HIF for proteasomal degradation
β-AR	β-adrenergic receptor	A group of G-protein coupled receptors that mediate cAMP concentrations and cardiomyocyte contractility