An Organ System Approach to Explore the Antioxidative, Anti-Inflammatory, and Cytoprotective Actions of Resveratrol

Table 1

Approaches to enhance resveratrol’s bioavailability.

Strategy	Examples	Effect on absorption pharmacokinetics	Reference
Solubility	(1) SRT501 formulation: a mixture of micronized resveratrol with particle size <5 m, flavors, colors, and emulsifiers.; (2) Using hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin.	More than 4-fold increase in , AUC and 2-fold increase in .; Significant increase in rate of absorption with a negligible impact on bioavailability.	[3]; [4]
1st-pass effect	(1) Coadministration with piperine, a polyphenol from black pepper.; (2) Coadministration with quercetin, a plant flavonoid with potent antioxidant action.	1000% increase in and delaying the major glucuronide metabolite.; Quercetin reduces the rate of resveratrol sulfate conjugation, but with no significant improvement on and AUC.	[5]; [6]
Resveratrol precursors/prodrugs	Acetylation of the hydrophilic hydroxyl groups on resveratrol that are the major targets for sulfation and glucuronidation.	A significant increase in and AUC in a single animal study.	[7]
Nanoformulation	(1) Lipid-core nanocapsules.	Nanoformulation improves resveratrol’s solubility, decreases gastrointestinal damage, and enhances distribution to tissues.	[8]
	(2) Bovine serum albumin nanoparticles.		[9]
	(3) Loaded solid nanoparticles.		[10]