The Role of Oxidative Stress in Myocardial Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury and Remodeling: Revisited

Table 1

Clinical trials for evaluating the efficacy of antioxidant based pharmacotherapy in preventing the oxidative stress mediated myocardial tissue damage in cardiovascular diseases.

Drug	Number of subjects	Trial type	Key findings	Reference
N-acetylcysteine (NAC)	98	Double-blind, randomized clinical trial	NAC prevented early remodeling by reducing the level of MMP-2 and MMP-9	[121]
	52	Randomized clinical trial	NAC decreased pump-induced oxidative stress during cardiopulmonary bypass	[28]
Resveratrol	75	Triple-blinded, randomized, parallel, dose-response, and placebo-controlled trial	Resveratrol-rich grape supplement improved the inflammatory and fibrinolytic status in patients who were on statins for primary prevention of CVD	[122]
Rapeseeds	59	Randomized, double-blind, controlled, and crossover study	Intake of a stabilized rapeseed oil enriched in cardioprotective micronutrients prevented the risk of cardiovascular diseases by improving the cholesterol profile and reducing LDL oxidation	[123]
Flavonoids-epicatechin and quercetin	37	Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, and crossover trial	Epicatechin contributed to the cardioprotective effects of cocoa and tea by improving insulin resistance	[124]
Pravastatin	10	Randomized clinical trial	Oral pravastatin reloading before nonemergent coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) significantly attenuated postoperative inflammation and systemic NO/iNOS concentrations and reduced the myocardial injury	[125]
Magnesium	52	Randomized clinical trial	The extensive treatment of the patients with magnesium influences the cellular response to ischemia and thus induces cardioprotection against oxidative stress	[126]
Coenzyme Q10	51	Randomized clinical trial	Coenzyme Q10 supplementation at 300 mg/day significantly enhances antioxidant enzymes activities and lowers inflammation in patients who have coronary artery disease during statin therapy	[127]
Silymarin	102	Randomized trial	The anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of silymarin treatment provided protection against reperfusion injury and inflammation after CABG surgery	[128]