Oxidative Stress Markers in Sputum

Figure 1

Different forms of oxidative stress-related tissue injury and their potential, sputum-based biomarkers. ROS: reactive oxygen species, RNS: reactive nitrogen species, MDA: malondialdehyde, 4-HHE: 4-hydroxyhexanal, 4-HNE: 4-hydroxynonenal, 3-NT: 3-nitrotyrosine, 8-OHdG: 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine, SOD: superoxide dismutase, CAT: catalase, GSH: glutathione, GSSG: glutathione disulfide, and GPx: glutathione peroxidase.