Oxidative Stress Markers in Sputum

Table 1

Oxidative stress markers in sputum of patients with inflammatory airway disease.

Markers	Ref.	Detection	Study patients	Main findings
MDA	[34]	LC-MS/MS	Asthma, COPD	(i) Increase in stable asthma and COPD; (ii) No relationship with LF
	[35]	HPLC	COPD, AECOPD	(i) Increase in stable COPD and AECOPD; (ii) Decrease upon recovery from AECOPD; (iii) No relationship with LF or sputum differential cell counts
	[36]	HPLC	CF	(i) Increase in stable CF; (ii) No relationship with LF or sputum differential cell counts; (iii) No association with NE/1-PI complex
Hexanal, heptanal, and nonanal	[34]	LC-MS/MS	Asthma, COPD	(i) Increase in hexanal and nonanal in stable COPD; (ii) Increase in hexanal in stable asthma
4-HHE, 4-HNE	[34]	LC-MS/MS	Asthma, COPD	No change in stable asthma or COPD
Acrolein	[34]	LC-MS/MS	Asthma, COPD	Increase in stable asthma and COPD^#
8-Isoprostane	[41]	EIA	Asthma (stable and acute), bronchiectasis	(i) Increase in stable asthma and bronchiectasis; (ii) Further increase in acute asthma and decrease upon treatment; (iii) Correlation between FEV1 (% pred.) and log10FGF
	[42]	EIA	HS, COPD	(i) Increase in HS and stable COPD; (ii) Relationship with LF, PYI, and sputum neutrophils
	[43]	EIA	HS, COPD	(i) Increase in HS and stable COPD; (ii) No effect of aminoguanidine
	[44]	EIA	Asthma, COPD	Increase in COPD but not mild asthma
	[45]	EIA	Asthma	No change in asthma
	[46]	EIA	COPD, AECOPD	(i) Increase in AECOPD compared to stable COPD; (ii) Relationship with sputum neutrophils and lymphocytes in stable COPD; (iii) No correlations with LF
	[48]	EIA	CF	(i) Increase in acute but not stable CF; (ii) No effect of antibiotic treatment
Nitrosothiols	[59]	EIA	COPD	(i) Increase in stable COPD; (ii) Positive correlation with GSSG, but negative correlation with GSH in sputum
	[60]	EIA	NAEB, CVA	Higher in NAEB than in CVA
3-NT	[66]	IC	Asthma, COPD	(i) Increase in positive cells in stable asthma and COPD^#; (ii) Negative correlation with FEV1 in COPD
	[67]	IC	HS	Increase in positive cells in HS compared to nonsmokers
	[68]	IC	AECOPD	Increase in positive cells in AECOPD
	[69]	IC	Asthma	(i) Increase in positive cells in refractory asthma compared to well-controlled asthma; (ii) Negative correlation with FEV1 (% pred)
	[70]	IC	Asthma, COPD	(i) No difference in positive cells between eosinophilic and noneosinophilic asthma; (ii) Decrease in positive cells in noneosinophilic asthma compared to COPD
	[71, 72]	HPLC, GC-MS	CF	Increase in stable CF
8-OHdG	[81]	ELISA	COPD, HS, and bronchiectasis	(i) Increase in stable COPD compared to HS and bronchiectasis; (ii) Increase in HS compared to nonsmokers
	[82]	ELISA	Asthma, HS	Increase in stable asthma and HS compared to nonsmokers

MDA: malondialdehyde, LC-MS/MS: liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, AECOPD: acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, HPLC: high-performance liquid chromatography, CF: cystic fibrosis, NE/₁-PI: neutrophil elastase/₁-proteinase inhibitor, LF: lung function, 3-NT: 3-nitrotyrosine, EIA: enzyme immunoassay, 4-HHE: 4-hydroxyhexanal, 4-HNE: 4-hydroxynonenal, FEV₁: forced expiratory volume in one second, HS: healthy smokers, PYI: pack-year index, IC: immunocytostaining, 8-OHdG: 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine, GSH: glutathione, GSSG: glutathione disulfide, NAEB: nonasthmatic eosinophil bronchitis, CVA: cough variant asthma, and ELISA: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays; ^#markers and/or positive cells not detectable in healthy controls.