DNA Damage in Chronic Kidney Disease: Evaluation of Clinical Biomarkers

Table 4

Outcome of studies measuring mitochondrial DNA damage, oxidatively changed tRNA, or circulating cell-free double-stranded DNA of healthy individuals and patients on maintenance hemodialysis⁴.

Parameter analyzed	Number of healthy individuals (age)	Number of dialyzed patients (age)	Relative change (%)	Ref.
Mitochondrial DNA damage in muscle cells	22 (?)	22 (?)	+240	[53]
Mitochondrial DNA damage in hair follicles	236 (?)	162 (?)	+105	[54]
Mitochondrial DNA damage in PBLs	54 ()	52 ()	+160	[55]
Conformational change in tRNA	10 (?)	29 (?)	+110	[56]
Circulating double-stranded DNA	40 ()	40 ()	+30	[57]

The number of participants in the respective studies, their age, and the amount of relative change in the parameter in percent and rounded are given. When more than one sample was taken from the dialysis patients, the value of the predialytic sample was compared to the control value. In the study of Cichota et al. [57], 37 patients on peritoneal dialysis were included. In the last column the reference (Ref.) is listed. ?: no standard error mean or no age at all was given.