Update on the Mechanisms of Pulmonary Inflammation and Oxidative Imbalance Induced by Exercise
Table 2
(a) Animal studies on lung oxidative stress and inflammation induced by acute exercise. (b) Animal studies on lung oxidative stress and inflammation induced by chronic exercise.
Effects of exercise during different ambient temperatures and humidity on eNO, eCO, and pH
Thoroughbred racehorses
Exercised under saddle on an all-weather 1.6 km track at half-pace canter, full-pace canter, or gallop according to the current training regimen for each horse
Acute exercise and antioxidant enzyme activation in aged rats
Young rats (YR) or aged rats (AR) exercised (E) or not exercised control (C)
Race on treadmill at 25 m/min for YRE and 18–20 m/min for ARE for 60 min
Lung tissue
PE: ↑ Mn-SOD activity in YRE and ARE in comparison to their control subjects; ↑ CuZn-SOD and CAT activity in YRE and ↓ reactive carbonyls derivative in ARE, in comparison to their control subjects
Oxidative state, pulmonary function, and airway inflammation in healthy horses and with arcades
Trained healthy horses, affected by arcades or clinical remission
Race on treadmill with 2 min to 8, 9, and 10 m/s and 4% inclination, stages interrupted by 2 jogs of 8 min to 3.5 m/s (10 min of warming up and 10 min of recovery)
Oxidative stress and antioxidant defenses in animals supplemented or not with L-Arg
Sprague-Dawley rats grouped as exercised (E) or sedentary (S) with L-Arg (+L-Arg) or control rats without L-Arg (C)
Race on treadmill for E groups at 20 m/min for 15 min and 25 m/min for 30 min; then they run at 30 m/min and 10% of inclination (70–75% VO2max) until exhaustion (EC ~81 min and E+L-Arg ~87 min)
Lung tissue
PE: ↑ activity XO and MPO in EC in comparison to SC; ↑ [UA], ↑ [NO], and ↑ [MDA] in EC in comparison to SC; ↑ activity SOD and GR in EC in comparison to SC
SOD activity and [TBARs] postadaptation by training in altitude
Wistar albino rats divided into trained in hypobaria (THb) and normobaria (TNb) and nontrained in hypobaria (Hb) and normobaria (Nb)
Comparison of baseline samples between groups trained with swimming (T: 5 at 30 min/day/for 4 days/week for 9 weeks) or nontrained and exposed or not to simulated altitude of 3000 MASL (E: 120 min/day for 4 days/week for 9 weeks)
Lung tissue
PT: >SOD activity in TNb in comparison to Nb; no differences in [TBARS] for the same groups
Long period of dietary restriction and stress produced by high intensity swimming
Sprague-Dawley rats with restricted diet (RD) or ad libitum (AL), grouped in trained (+T), exercised (+E), and sedentary control rats (C)
Comparison of baseline samples of RD and AL in +T (T: 8 weeks of swimming with 2% BW as extra load during ~50–80 min), PE in +E (E: swimming until exhaustion), and baseline C
Lung tissue
PT: <GSH activity and >GSH-Px of AL+T compared to ALC; <LPO, >GSH, and GSH-Px in AL+E that AL+T PE: ↑ [MDA], ↓ [GSH], ↓ GR activity, and ↑ GSH-Px of AL+E compared to ALC (acute effects)
Administration of a ginseng intestinal metabolite (IH901) and exercise-induced oxidative stress in trained rat
Sprague-Dawley rats divided into resting control (RC), training control (EC), resting with IH901 consumption, or exercise with IH901 consumption groups
Training was carried out during 8 weeks on a treadmill; two weeks with 0% inclination and 25 cm/sec; then 2 weeks with 10% and 30 cm/sec; then 4 weeks with 15% and 35 cm/sec
Lung tissue
PT: ↑ TBARs and ↑ protein carbonyls in EC versus RC
Moderate aerobic exercise training prior to Streptococcus pneumoniae infection influences pulmonary inflammatory responses
BALB/c mice divided into sedentary untreated (SU), sedentary infected (SI), aerobic trained untreated (ATU), and aerobic trained infected groups (ATI)
Comparison between SU and ATU during 4 weeks after an individual maximal exercise capacity test was performed (0.1 km/h every 2.5 min, 25% inclination); training was for 60 min/day, 5 days/wk for 4 wk at 50% of the maximal speed
BALF and lung tissue
PT: ↑ CuZn-SOD and ↑ Mn-SOD expression in lung parenchyma of ATU versus SU after an individual maximal exercise capacity test
Chronic aerobic exercise on pulmonary inflammation, cytokine, and antioxidant enzymes in animal model of acute pulmonary damage
Trained BALB/c mice
Comparison of samples before and after a low intensity training on treadmill (T: 50% of MS for 60 min/d, 3 d/week for 5 weeks)
BALF, EB, and lung tissue
PT: with no changes in leukocytes, [IL-6], [IL-10], nor [TNF-α] in BALF; with no changes in [NO] in EB; ↑ expression of IL-6 and Mn-SOD in the lung, but no changes of activity of GSH-Px and GR in the lung
Regular physical exercise in an experimental mouse model exposed to cigarette smoke
C57BL/6 mice divided into control mice (C), trained (T), exposed to cigarette smoke (Sk), and Sk plus T (Sk+T)
Comparison of baseline samples in T at moderate intensity on treadmill (T: 50% MS for 60 min/d, 5 d/week for 24 weeks)
BALF and lung tissue
PT: <[ROS] in BALF of En compared to C; >GSH-Px activity, but not of Mn-SOD nor CuZn-SOD in lungs of T compared to C; with no changes in the expression of IL-1ra, TNF-α, and IL-10 between T and C