Biological Activities of 2,3,5,4′-Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-Glucoside in Antiaging and Antiaging-Related Disease Treatments

Table 2

Summary of experiments of THSG in vitro.

Classification	Model	Cell types	Induction	THSG concentration	Potential targets or/and pathway	Reference number
Antioxidation	ROS accumulation	3T3 cells; MCF-7	Doxorubicin on MCF-7	60, 120, 180, and 240 mol/L	SOD; ROS; MitoSOX	[52]
	Apoptosis; ROS accumulation	Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs)	Lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC)	0.1, 1, and 10 mol/L	Caspase-3, Bcl-2, PARP-1, Bax, cytochrome C, SOD, glutathione peroxidase, and MDA	[14]
Cardiovascular protection	VSMCs migration	Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs)	Tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α)	0.1–100 mol/L	Vimentin, TGFβ1, TGFβR1, and Smad2/3	[53]
	Endothelial dysfunction	HUVECs	TNF-α	1, 10, 25, 50, and 100 mol/L	Vimentin, TGFβ/Smad signaling, TGFβ1, phosphorylation of Smad2 and Smad3, and nuclear translocation of Smad4	[54]
	Cardioprotection	Primary rat cardiomyocytes	Doxorubicin	10–300 mol/L	Apoptosis pathway; ROS generation; mitochondrial membrane potential loss; intracellular [Ca^2+]	[55]
	Endothelial dysfunction	HUVECs	Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL)	1, 10, 25, 50, and 100 mol/L	Vimentin, ICAM-1, VCAM-1, TGFβ1, phosphorylation of Smad2 and Smad3, and nuclear translocation of Smad4, TGFβ/Smad pathway; caspase-3 activation	[56]
	VSMCs proliferation	VSMCs	Angiotensin II (Ang II)	1, 10, 25, 50, and 100 mol/L	Phosphorylated ERK1/2, MEK1/2, and Src; c-fos, c-jun, and c-myc; intracellular ROS; Src-MEK1/2-ERK1/2 signal pathway	[16]
	Cardiac fibroblast proliferation	Primary rat cardiac fibroblast	Ang II; hydrogen peroxide	3–100 mol/L; 30 mol/L	ROS-extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 pathway; ERK1/2 activation; MMP-2; MMP-9; MEK	[57]
	Endothelial dysfunction	937 cells	Ox-LDL	30, 60, and 120 g/L	ICAM-1; VCAM-1	[58]
	VSMCs proliferation	VSMCs	Platelet-derived growth factor- (PDGF-) BB	0.1, 1, 10, and 100 mol/L	NO-cGMP/PKG pathway	[59]
	VSMCs proliferation	VSMCs	PDGF-BB	1–50 mol/L	ERK1/2	[15]
	VSMCs proliferation; oxidation of lipoprotein	Porcine coronary arterial smooth cells (CASMCs)	LDL, VLDL, ox-LDL, and ox-VLDL	0.1–100 mol/L	Oxidation of lipoprotein, proliferation, and decrease of NO content	[60]
	Inflammation	RAW 264.7 macrophage cells	Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)	1, 10, and 100 mol/L	COX-2	[61]
	Endothelial dysfunction	ECV304	LPC	10 mol/L	Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)	[62]
	Cardiac stem cells (CSCs) proliferation	Rat CSCs	—	1, 10, and 100 mol/L	VEGF; T-box transcription factor (Tbx5), hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated 2 (HCN2), hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide gated 4 (HCN4), alpha myosin heavy chain (αMHC), beta myosin heavy chain (βMHC), stem cell antigen 1 (Sca-1), cardiac troponin-I, GATA-4, Nkx2.5, and connexin 43 protein	[22]
	Normal cells	Primary hepatocytes; primary cardiomyocytes; C2C12 myoblasts	—	1.5, 6, 25, and 100 mol/L	EPO-EPOR; mitochondrial activity and Hb production	[20]
Lipid metabolism	Steatosis hepatic cell	Steatosis hepatic L02 cell	—	50, 100, and 300 mol/L	HMG-CoA reductase; DGAT1; CYP7A; lipolysis	[12]
Learning and memory	—	Astrocytes; PC12 cells	—	0.4, 2, and 10 g/mL	Erythropoietin; PPAR-γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α); haemoglobin-β	[29]
	Neurotoxicity	Rat hippocampal neurons	Staurosporine	200 mol/L	PI3K/Akt signaling; mitochondrial apoptotic pathways	[63]
	Neuroinflammation	Mouse microglial BV2 cell lines	LPS	20–80 mol/L	NF-κB signaling pathway; ROS production and NADPH oxidase activation	[30]
	Neuroinflammation	Mouse microglial BV2 cell lines	LPS	1, 10, 30, 50, and 100 μmol/L	iNOS; reducing the binding activity of NF-κB	[31]
	Cell model of Parkinson's disease	Human dopaminergic neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells.	1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+)	3.125, 6.25, 12.5, 25, and 50 μmol/L	ROS; mitochondrial membrane potential; the ratio of Bax to Bcl-2; caspase-3; apoptosis	[38]
	Differentiation of PC12 cells	PC12 cells	—	1, 5 mol/L	MEK and ERK signaling pathways; calcium, CaMKII	[28]
Parkinson’s disease	—	PC12 cells	MPP+	0.1, 1, and 10 mol/L	PI3K/Akt signaling pathway; apoptotic	[39]
	—	PC12 cells	MPP+	1, 5, and 10 mol/L	ROS generation; JNK	[37]
Bone	Oxidative stress	Osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells	Hydrogen peroxide	0.1, 1, and 10 mol/L	ALP; OCN; COL-I; RNAKL; IL-6; MDA; calcium	[46]
Platelet	Platelet aggregation, secretion	Platelets	Collagen; thrombin; U46619; ADP	10, and 50 mol/L	Platelet Fc γ RIIa, Akt (Ser473), and GSK3β(Ser9) phosphorylation.	[24]
Pigmentation	Induction of pigmentation	B16F1 melanoma cells	—	10 g/L	Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF); cAMP response element (CRE) binding protein (CREB) activation; p38 MAPK pathway	[50]
	Induction of pigmentation	B16 melanoma cells	—	0.1–12.5 g/mL	Murine tyrosinase	[49]