New Pathogenic Concepts and Therapeutic Approaches to Oxidative Stress in Chronic Kidney Disease

Figure 1

Integrative scheme of the mechanisms that cause kidney and heart damage secondary to mitochondrial dysfunction. Mitochondrial dysfunction represented by mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening, mitochondrial uncoupling/fragmentation, mitochondrial membrane potential loss, cytochrome C release, and decreased ATP synthesis, among other mitochondrial alterations, causes oxidative stress that leads to inflammatory state. Both conditions result in renal and cardiac damage that often occurs at the same time and establishes a intercommunication through hemodynamic and nonhemodynamic mechanisms.