|
Drug’s name | Clinical uses | Drawbacks | Possible side effects |
|
Edaravone | Ischemic stroke | Limited testing and sometimes ineffective | Nephrotoxicity [95] |
|
Idebenone | Alzheimer disease | Limited testing and sometimes ineffective | Gastrointestinal complaints, neurotoxicity, and cardiotoxicity [95] |
|
α-Lipoic acid | Diabetic neuropathy and eye-related disorders | Limited testing and sometimes ineffective | Headache, tingling, skin rash, or muscle cramps [95] |
|
Carotenoids | Inflammation, cancer, and cardiovascular diseases | Sometimes ineffective | Damage to skeletal muscle integrity (high-dose) [44], canthaxanthin retinopathy [102], and lung cancer in heavy smokers [103] |
|
Vitamin E | Inflammation, cancer, and cardiovascular diseases | Sometimes ineffective | Hemorrhage and vitamin K deficiency (high-dose) [45] |
|
Coenzyme Q10 | Heart failure, migraine, hypertension, and neurodegenerative diseases | Limited testing, insoluble in water, therefore in low bioavailability, and sometimes ineffective | Largely gastrointestinal complaints (very high-dose) [50] |
|
MitoQ | Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, hypertension, diabetes, heart attack, sepsis, alcohol-induced steatohepatitis, and cocaine cardiotoxicity | Sometimes ineffective in human bodies | No side effect observed (even after a long-term oral administration) [56] |
|
SkQ | Age-related diseases | Limited testing | No side effect observed [59] |
|
Astaxanthin | Atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease and ischemic brain damage, age-related macular degeneration, acute pain, inflammation, cancer, and cardiovascular diseases | Insoluble in water and sometimes ineffective | No side effect observed [60–64] |
|