Systemic Redox Imbalance in Chronic Kidney Disease: A Systematic Review

Table 1

Redox status in predialysis CKD patients.

Authors	Groups	MDA	XO	GSH	SOD	CAT	GPx
Peuchant et al., 1996 [11]	(a) 16 CKD patients (age: 43.6 ± 11.2 yr); GFR: 12.6 ± 5.4 mL/min; (b) 26 healthy subjects (age: 43.6 ± 11.2 yr)	RBC-free MDA: (a) ↑ 3.88 ± 2.67; (b) 1.74 ± 0.56; Total MDA: (a) 10.0 ± 9.31; (b) 7.85 ± 2.82 (nmol/mL)			(a) 800; (b) 790 (U/g Hb)	(a) 45; (b) 43 (U/g Hb)	(a) 34; (b) 32 (U/g Hb)
Papavasiliou et al., 2005 [28]	(a) 12 CKD patients (age: 66 yr); Creatinine clearance: 23.9 ± 6.6 mL/min; (b) 11 CKD patients (age: 61 yr); Creatinine clearance: 20.2 ± 6.5 mL/min; (c) 13 CKD patients (age: 63 yr); Creatinine clearance: 87.2 ± 7.1 mL/min; (d) 15 healthy subjects (age: 59 yr)	Plasma: (a) ↑ 1.2; (b) ↑ 1.25; (c) 1.15^††; (d) 0.9 (nmol/mL)					(a) ↑ 15.50 ± 5; (b)↑ 15.20 ± 4.70; (c) ↑ 11.30 ± 2.88; (d) 9.98 ± 3.33 (IU/g Hb)
Bober et al., 2010 [29]	(a) 21 CKD patients (age: 56.8 ± 16.0 yr); (b) 21 healthy subjects (age: 56 ± 16.6 yr)	Plasma: (a) 1.05 ± 0.21; (b) 0.79 ± 0.12 (mol/L)		(a) ↑ 8.26 ± 1.16; (b) 7.26 ± 1.50 (nmol/g Hb)
Choi et al., 2011 [30]	(a) 16 CKD patients; GFR: 23.56 ± 10.64 mL/min/1.73 m^2; (b) 18 healthy subjects (age: 48.9 ± 15.4 yr)		(a) ↑ 6.3 ± 1.5; (b) 4.5 ± 0.9; (RLU)
Sahni et al., 2012 [27]	(a) 60 CKD patients (age: 43.05 ± 11.9 yr); GFR: 12.75 ± 5.52 mL/min; (b) 85 CKD patients (age: 42.88 ± 11.4 yr); GFR: 28.61 ± 12.93 mL/min; (c) 40 Healthy subjects (age: 42.42 ± 2.2 yr)	RBC: (a) ↑ 4.89 ± 1.33^†; (b) ↑ 2.77 ± 1.015; (c) 1.13 ± 0.219 (μmol/g Hb)		(a) ↓ 0.61 ± 0.40^†; (b) ↓ 1.05 ± 0.334; (c) 1.87 ± 0.608 (μmol/g Hb)	(a) ↓ 994.57 ± 87.14^†; (b) ↓ 1136.99 ± 101.56; (c) 1382.55 ± 93.93 (IU)	(a) ↓ 125.86 ± 17.36^†; (b) ↓ 139.19 ± 24.35; (c) 184.66 ± 17.29 (L/min/mL Hb)

MDA: malondialdehyde; XO: xanthine oxidase; GSH: reduced glutathione; SOD: superoxide dismutase; CAT: catalase; GPX: glutathione peroxidase; yr: years; ↑↓: versus healthy controls; ^†difference between a and b groups; ^††difference between a and b groups with c group; ± stands for standard deviation.